The evolution of stars and planets is mostly controlled by the properties of their atmosphere. This is particularly true in the case of exoplanets close to their stars, for which one has to account both for an (often intense) irradiation flux, and from an intrinsic flux responsible for the progressive loss of the inner planetary heat. The goals of the present work are to help understanding the coupling between radiative transfer and advection in exoplanetary atmospheres and to provide constraints on the temperatures of the deep atmospheres. This is crucial in assessing whether modifying assumed opacity sources and/or heat transport may explain the inflated sizes of a significant number of giant exoplanets found so far. I use a simple analytical approach inspired by Eddington's approximation for stellar atmospheres to derive a relation between temperature and optical depth valid for plane-parallel static grey atmospheres which are both transporting an intrinsic heat flux and receiving an outer radiation flux. The model is parameterized as a function of mean visible and thermal opacities, respectively. The model is shown to reproduce relatively well temperature profiles obtained from more sophisticated radiative transfer calculations of exoplanetary atmospheres. It naturally explains why a temperature inversion (stratosphere) appears when the opacity in the optical becomes significant compared to that in the infrared. I further show that the mean equivalent flux (proportional to T^4) is conserved in the presence of horizontal advection on constant optical depth levels. This implies with these hypotheses that the deep atmospheric temperature used as outer boundary for the evolution models should be calculated from models pertaining to the entire planetary atmosphere, not from ones that are relevant to the day side or to the substellar point. In these conditions, present-day models yield deep temperatures that are ~1000K too cold to explain the present size of planet HD 209458b. An tenfold increase in the infrared to visible opacity ratio would be required to slow the planetary cooling and contraction sufficiently to explain its size. However, the mean equivalent flux is not conserved anymore in the presence of opacity variations, or in the case of non-radiative vertical transport of energy: The presence of clouds on the night side or a downward transport of kinetic energy and its dissipation at deep levels would help making the deep atmosphere hotter and may explain the inflated sizes of giant exoplanets.
Irradiated Atmospheres VII. Effect of Mixing Energy Flux on Atmosphere-Interior Coupling
Institute of Science and Technology for Deep Space Exploration, Nanjing University（南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University（中山大学物理学院）；CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area（粤港澳大湾区空间望远镜科学中心）；State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology（澳门科技大学月与行星科学国家重点实验室）；Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Planetary Physics Department, University of Oxford（牛津大学大气、海洋与行星物理系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter（埃克塞特大学物理与天文系）；Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学李政道研究所及物理与天文学院）
Irradiated Atmospheres IV: Effect of Mixing Heat Flux on Chemistry
School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University（中山大学物理学院）；CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area（粤港澳大湾区空间望远镜科学中心）；State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology（澳门科技大学月面与行星科学国家重点实验室）；Institute of Science and Technology for Deep Space Exploration, Nanjing University（南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院）；CAS Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家天文台光学天文重点实验室）；Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院云南天文台）；University of CAS（中国科学院大学）；Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, CAS（中国科学院天体结构与演化重点实验室）；Electric Information School, Wuhan University（武汉大学电气信息学院）；International Centre of Supernovae, Yunnan Key Laboratory（云南省超新星国际研究中心）
Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution: Effects of pebble accretion, giant impacts, and stellar irradiations on super-Earth formation
Stellar wind effects on the atmospheres of close-in giants: a possible reduction in escape instead of increased erosion
高度辐射的系外行星的大气层被观察到经历流体动力逃逸。然而，由于强大的压力，恒星风可以限制行星大气，减少它们的逃逸。在这里，我们调查在何种条件下，近距离巨星的大气逃逸可能受到其宿主恒星风的巨大压力的限制。为此，我们模拟了在轨道距离（[0.04，0.14] au），行星引力（木星引力的[36%，87%]）和年龄（[1，6.9] Gyr）范围内的行星逃逸。对于这些模拟中的每一个，我们计算这些逃逸大气的冲压压力，并将其与预期的恒星风外部压力进行比较，以确定给定的大气是否受限。我们表明，虽然年轻的近距离巨星应该经历更高水平的大气逃逸，由于更高的恒星辐射，恒星风在年轻时也更强，可能会减少年轻系外行星的逃逸。无论年龄，我们还发现，在我们的参数空间中，总有一个区域的大气逃逸是有限的，最好发生在更高的行星引力和轨道距离。我们调查了一些已知的系外行星的禁闭，并发现其中几个行星的大气层，包括pi Men c，应该受到其宿主恒星风的限制，从而可能阻止高度辐射行星的逃逸。因此，最近报告的π Men c缺乏氢逃逸可能是由恒星风引起的。
Exploring deep and hot adiabats as a potential solution to the radius inflation problem in brown dwarfs: Long-timescale models of the deep atmospheres of KELT-1b, Kepler-13Ab, and SDSS1411B
Irradiated Atmosphere V: Effects of Vertical-Mixing induced Energy Transport on the Inhomogeneity
Institute of Science and Technology for Deep Space Exploration, Nanjing University（南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University（中山大学物理学院）；CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area（粤港澳大湾区空间望远镜科学中心）；State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology（澳门科技大学月球与行星科学国家重点实验室）；International Centre of Supernovae, Yunnan Key Laboratory（云南省超新星国际研究中心）
Dynamically Coupled Three-dimensional Cloud-Chemistry in Rapidly Rotating Irradiated Atmospheres: an Application to the Compact White Dwarf-Brown Dwarf system ZTFJ0038+2030
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（李政道研究所，上海交通大学）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（物理与天文学院，上海交通大学）；State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（暗物质物理全国重点实验室，上海交通大学）；Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia（天文学系，弗吉尼亚大学）；School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester（物理与天文学院，莱斯特大学）；School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham（物理与天文学院，伯明翰大学）；Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern（太空与宜居性中心，伯尔尼大学）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；Université de la Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange（蔚蓝海岸大学，蔚蓝海岸天文台，法国国家科学研究中心，拉格朗日实验室）
Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution II: Rapid disk clearing by photoevaporation yields low-mass super-Earth atmospheres
Computing planetary atmospheres with algorithms derived from action thermodynamics and a novel version of the virial theorem for gravitating polyatomic molecules
