We present a multi-wavelength analysis of the properties of Extremely Red Galaxy (ERG) populations, selected in the GOODS-South/Chandra Deep Field South field. By using all the photometric and spectroscopic information available on large deep samples of EROs (645 sources), IEROs (294 sources), and DRGs (350 sources), we derive redshift distributions, identify AGN powered and Star-formation powered galaxies, and, using the radio observations of this field, estimate robust (AGN- and dust-unbiased) Star Formation Rate Densities (SFRD) for these populations. We also investigate the properties of "pure" (galaxies that conform to only one of the three ERG criteria considered) and "combined" (galaxies that verify all three criteria) sub-populations. Overall, a large number of AGN are identified (up to ~30%, based on X-rays, and mid-infrared criteria), the majority of which are type-2 (obscured) objects. Among ERGs with no evidence for AGN activity, we identify sub-populations covering a wide range of average star-formation rates, from below 10 Mo/yr to as high as 200 Mo/yr. Applying a redshift separation (1<z<2 and 2<z<3) we find significant evolution (an increase of a factor of 2 or higher) of SFRD for EROs and DRGs, while none is observed for IEROs. The former populations can contribute more than 20\% to the global SFRD at 2<z<3. The emission from AGN activity is typically not strong in the ERG population, with AGN increasing the average radio luminosity of ERG sub-populations by, nominally, less than 20%. AGN are common, however, and, if no discrimination is attempted, this could significantly increase the SFRD estimate (by over 100% in some cases). Thus, and while the contribution of star forming processes to the radio luminosity in galaxies with AGN remains uncertain, a comprehensive identification of AGN in these populations is necessary to obtain meaningful results.
Massive, red galaxies in a hierarchical universe-II Clustering of Extremely Red Objects
利用半解析星系形成模型结合宇宙学N体模拟,对Λ冷暗物质宇宙中极红天体(ERO)的成簇进行了预测. ERO是在0.7< z < 3观测到的红色大质量星系,它们的数量和性质对分层星系形成模型提出了挑战。分析了ERO的晕占据分布和两点关联函数,探讨了这些量随视星等、色切和红移的变化规律。我们的模型预测的晕占据分布是显着不同的,通常假设。这是由于活动星系核反馈的加入,它改变了活动星系核反馈第一次变得重要的质量之上的亮度-宿主晕质量关系的斜率和散射。我们预测,平均而言,质量大于10^{13}h^{-1}Msun的暗物质晕至少有一个在1.5 < z < 2.5处的ERO。考虑到观测估计中的样本方差,对于(R-K)>5或(i-K)>4.5的ERO,预测的角聚类与当前观测结果相当一致。
The MIXR sample: AGN activity versus star formation across the cross-correlation of WISE, 3XMM, and FIRST/NVSS
我们交叉关联了最大的中红外(WISE),X射线(3XMM)和无线电(FIRST+NVSS)目录,以定义活动星系核和恒星形成星系的MIXR样本。我们根据它们在WISE颜色/颜色图上的位置对源进行预分类,表明MIXR三重选择对于诊断单个种群的恒星形成和活动星系核活动是非常有效的,即使是在通量/星等的基础上,也可以将诊断扩展到SDSS DR 12的光度和红移对象。我们恢复的无线电/中红外恒星形成的相关性非常准确,并使用它来分类我们的来源,根据他们的活动,无线电响亮和无线电安静AGN,LERG/LINER,和非AGN星系。这些诊断可以证明对大型活动星系核和星系样本非常有用,并有助于在下一代仪器的数据可用时开发有效分类源的方法。我们详细研究了偏差,并表明,虽然广泛使用的智慧的活动星系核的颜色选择是非常成功的干净选择发光活动星系核的样本,他们错过或错误分类的活动星系核在较低的光度和/或较高的红移的相当一部分。MIXR还使我们能够测试在无线电大声AGN,预计由于相互依赖的吸积的紧密相关性的辐射和动力(喷流)功率之间的关系。我们的研究结果强调,长期活动星系核的变化,喷流调节,和其他因素影响$Q/L$ $_{bol}$关系,引入了大量的分散在这种关系,戏剧性的潜在后果,我们目前的了解活动星系核的反馈及其对恒星形成的影响。
AGN environments: is the viewing angle sufficient to explain the difference between broad-line and narrow-line AGN? -- A low-redshift study of close AGN neighbours. Paper I
活动星系核的统一是一个很难测试的模型,因为缺乏对天体内在光度的了解。我们提出了一个测试,我们探测模型的统计调查附近的活动星系核在红移0.03 < z < 0.2的投影距离为350千秒差距,|Δz|活动星系核与邻近星系核之间的距离分别小于0.001,0.006,0.012和0.03。利用斯隆数字巡天第7号数据发布的1658对1型(宽线)活动星系核-星系对和5698对2型活动星系核-星系对的光谱红移,以及一组补充的邻近星系的光度红移对(13519对1型活动星系核-星系对和58743对2型活动星系核-星系对)。AGN宿主星系的形态来自星系动物园项目。我们的研究结果表明,宽线活动星系核和窄线活动星系核存在于非常不同的环境中,在这些环境中,2型活动星系核的邻居比1型活动星系核的邻居更有恒星形成,更蓝。对于Type-2活动星系核,只有在光度红移的邻居中才能检测到颜色依赖性。我们看到,1型/2型邻居2型活动星系核之间的比例稳步下降,在短期的分离与4.5西格玛的统计意义。与1型活动星系核的情况相反,2型活动星系核宿主的形态没有发生变化,这表明2型活动星系核的固有状态是非常短暂的,在随后的合并中不会被保留下来。最后,我们进行了一个假设的光度测试,以调查是否在我们的选择质量偏差可以解释我们的样品中观察到的差异。我们的结论是,活动星系核的统一是一贯不支持的环境中的两种类型的活动星系核,但它们之间的进化联…
Primordial Black Holes as Seeds for Extremely Overmassive AGN Observed by JWST
University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校);Weinberg Institute for Theoretical Physics, Texas Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校温伯格理论物理研究所、德州宇宙学与天体粒子物理中心);Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学天文研究所);Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum fur Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik(海德堡大学天文学中心理论天体物理研究所);Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校天文学系);Max-Planck-Institut für Physik(马克斯·普朗克物理研究所);Arnold Sommerfeld Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität(慕尼黑大学阿诺德·索末菲理论物理中心)
The XMM-Newton Wide field survey in the COSMOS field: redshift evolution of AGN bias and subdominant role of mergers in triggering moderate luminosity AGN at redshift up to 2.2