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arXiv 1004.3499astro-ph.IMgr-qcphysics.data-an
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脉冲星定时阵中引力波爆发的探测、定位与表征

Detection, Localization and Characterization of Gravitational Wave Bursts in a Pulsar Timing Array

Lee Samuel Finn, Andrea N. Lommen

摘要:

传统上,通过对一组天文卫星进行定时来探测引力波的努力集中在静止的引力波上:例如,随机或周期性信号。引力波爆发--持续时间远短于观测周期的信号--也会出现在脉冲星定时阵列波段。引起可探测到的爆发的来源包括超大质量黑洞(SMBH)的形成或合并,围绕SMBH的高度椭圆或无约束轨道上的致密物体的近心点通道,或宇宙弦上的尖点。在这里,我们将描述如何脉冲星定时阵列数据进行分析,以检测和表征这些突发。我们的分析以相互一致的方式解决了三个问题的层次结构:\emph{i})数据集包含来自引力波爆发的信号的几率是多少?\emph{ii})假设存在一个突发,它的源的方向是什么?和\emph{iii})假设脉冲串传播方向,脉冲串波形在其每个偏振状态下的时间依赖性是什么?将我们的分析应用于合成数据集,我们发现,即使当辐射太弱而无法定位源或推断波形时,我们也可以\emph{detect}引力波,即使当辐射幅度太弱而无法确定波形时,我们也可以\emph{detect}和\emph{localize}源。虽然我们讨论的背景是通过脉冲星定时阵列进行引力波探测,但分析本身直接适用于使用地面或天基探测器数据进行引力波探测。

英文摘要:

Efforts to detect gravitational waves by timing an array of pulsars have focused traditionally on stationary gravitational waves: e.g., stochastic or periodic signals. Gravitational wave bursts --- signals whose duration is much shorter than the observation period --- will also arise in the pulsar timing array waveband. Sources that give rise to detectable bursts include the formation or coalescence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), the periapsis passage of compact objects in highly elliptic or unbound orbits about a SMBH, or cusps on cosmic strings. Here we describe how pulsar timing array data may be analyzed to detect and characterize these bursts. Our analysis addresses, in a mutually consistent manner, a hierarchy of three questions: \emph{i}) What are the odds that a dataset includes the signal from a gravitational wave burst? \emph{ii}) Assuming the presence of a burst, what is the direction to its source? and \emph{iii}) Assuming the burst propagation direction, what is the burst waveform's time dependence in each of its polarization states? Applying our analysis to synthetic data sets we find that we can \emph{detect} gravitational waves even when the radiation is too weak to either localize the source of infer the waveform, and \emph{detect} and \emph{localize} sources even when the radiation amplitude is too weak to permit the waveform to be determined. While the context of our discussion is gravitational wave detection via pulsar timing arrays, the analysis itself is directly applicable to gravitational wave detection using either ground or space-based detector data.

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