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arXiv 1004.1645quant-ph
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普适两量子比特哈密顿量的特征

Characterization of universal two-qubit Hamiltonians

Andrew M. Childs, Debbie Leung, Laura Mančinska, Maris Ozols

摘要:

假设我们可以将给定的2-qubit哈密顿量H应用于任何(有序的)qubit对。我们说H是n-泛的,如果它可以用来近似n个量子比特上的任何幺正运算。虽然众所周知,几乎任何2-qubit哈密顿量都是2-泛的(Deutsch,Barenco,Ekert 1995; Lloyd 1995),但非泛的2-qubit哈密顿量的集合的明确表征一直难以捉摸。我们的主要结果是2-非泛2-量子比特哈密顿算子的完整刻画。特别地,有三种方式可以使2-量子位的哈密顿量H不具有普适性:(1)H与交换两个量子位的门共享本征向量,(2)H独立地作用于两个量子位(在某个基族中的任何一个中),或者(3)H具有零迹。一个2-非普适的2-量子比特哈密顿算子对于某些n >= 3仍然可以是n-普适的。给出了3-普适性的部分结果。最后,我们还展示了我们对2-泛哈密顿算子的描述如何暗示了几乎任何2-量子比特幺正都是泛的这一著名结果。

英文摘要:

Suppose we can apply a given 2-qubit Hamiltonian H to any (ordered) pair of qubits. We say H is n-universal if it can be used to approximate any unitary operation on n qubits. While it is well known that almost any 2-qubit Hamiltonian is 2-universal (Deutsch, Barenco, Ekert 1995; Lloyd 1995), an explicit characterization of the set of non-universal 2-qubit Hamiltonians has been elusive. Our main result is a complete characterization of 2-non-universal 2-qubit Hamiltonians. In particular, there are three ways that a 2-qubit Hamiltonian H can fail to be universal: (1) H shares an eigenvector with the gate that swaps two qubits, (2) H acts on the two qubits independently (in any of a certain family of bases), or (3) H has zero trace. A 2-non-universal 2-qubit Hamiltonian can still be n-universal for some n >= 3. We give some partial results on 3-universality. Finally, we also show how our characterization of 2-universal Hamiltonians implies the well-known result that almost any 2-qubit unitary is universal.

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