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arXiv 1003.4798astro-ph.EP
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无颗粒包裹体气体巨岩形成的临界核质量

Critical Core Masses for Gas Giant Formation with Grain-Free Envelopes

Yasunori Hori, Masahiro Ikoma

摘要:

我们调查的临界核心质量和信封增长的时间尺度,假设无颗粒信封,研究如何小的核心被允许形成气体巨星的核心吸积模型的框架。这是由于木星形成的理论困境:木星内部的模型表明它包含一个小于10个地球质量的小核心,而许多木星形成的核心吸积模型需要一个大于10个地球质量的大核心才能在盘消散时完成其形成。在吸积包层中不透明度的降低被认为加速了气体巨星的形成。以往的研究几乎都假设包层中的不透明度是以颗粒为主的。相反,我们在这项研究中研究的情况下,无颗粒信封。我们的数值模拟表明,一个小到1.7地球质量的孤立核心能够在百万年的时间尺度上捕获盘气体形成气体巨星,如果吸积包层是无颗粒的;如果包层是无金属的,即纯粹由氢和氦组成,这个值就会下降到0.75地球质量。它还表明,碱金属原子,这是已知的主要不透明度来源之一,在1500 K附近的大气中的热超导体,有很小的贡献,以确定临界核心质量。我们的研究结果证实了在吸积包层中的颗粒沉降和凝聚是解决木星形成难题的关键。

英文摘要:

We investigate the critical core mass and the envelope growth timescale, assuming grain-free envelopes, to examine how small cores are allowed to form gas giants in the framework of the core accretion model. This is motivated by a theoretical dilemma concerning Jupiter formation: Modelings of Jupiter's interior suggest that it contains a small core of < 10 Earth mass, while many core accretion models of Jupiter formation require a large core of > 10 Earth mass to finish its formation by the time of disk dissipation. Reduction of opacity in the accreting envelope is known to hasten gas giant formation. Almost all the previous studies assumed grain-dominated opacity in the envelope. Instead, we examine cases of grain-free envelopes in this study. Our numerical simulations show that an isolated core of as small as 1.7 Earth mass is able to capture disk gas to form a gas giant on a timescale of million years, if the accreting envelope is grain-free; that value decreases to 0.75 Earth mass, if the envelope is metal-free, namely, composed purely of hydrogen and helium. It is also shown that alkali atoms, which are known to be one of the dominant opacity sources near 1500 K in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters, have little contribution to determine the critical core mass. Our results confirm that sedimentation and coagulation of grains in the accreting envelope is a key to resolve the dilemma about Jupiter formation.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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