arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1907.06362astro-ph.EP
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巨行星上失控气体吸积期间的准静态收缩

Quasi-static contraction during runaway gas accretion onto giant planets

Michiel Lambrechts, Elena Lega, Richard P. Nelson, Aurélien Crida, Alessandro Morbidelli

摘要:

气态巨行星,如木星和土星,在原行星盘大约300万年的寿命中获得了大量的气态外壳。在核心吸积的情况下,大约10个地球质量的固体核心的形成触发了快速气体吸积的阶段。以前的三维网格流体动力学模拟发现失控的气体吸积率相当于每百万年约10到100个木星质量。如此高的吸积率将导致所有核心大于10个地球质量的行星形成类似于行星的行星,与太阳系中的冰巨人和观测到的系外行星形成鲜明对比。在这项工作中,我们使用三维流体动力学模拟,包括辐射转移,模拟不同质量的行星上的信封的增长。我们发现气体快速流过包层的外部,但这种流动并不驱动吸积。相反,气体吸积是内壳准静态收缩的结果,其数量级可能小于通过外层大气的质量流量。对于比土星小的行星,我们测量到的中等气体吸积率低于每百万年1个木星质量。然而,质量更高的行星的吸积速度高达10倍,并且没有揭示出可以阻止气体吸积的自驱动机制。因此,土星和木星最终质量的原因仍然很难理解,除非它们的形成与太阳星云的消散同时发生。

英文摘要:

Gas-giant planets, like Jupiter and Saturn, acquire massive gaseous envelopes during the approximately 3 Myr-long lifetimes of protoplanetary discs. In the core accretion scenario, the formation of a solid core of around 10 Earth masses triggers a phase of rapid gas accretion. Previous 3D grid-based hydrodynamical simulations found runaway gas accretion rates corresponding to approximately 10 to 100 Jupiter masses per Myr. Such high accretion rates would result in all planets with larger-than-10-Earth-mass cores forming Jupiter-like planets, in clear contrast to the ice giants in the Solar System and the observed exoplanet population. In this work, we use 3D hydrodynamical simulations, that include radiative transfer, to model the growth of the envelope on planets with different masses. We find that gas flows rapidly through the outer part of the envelope, but this flow does not drive accretion. Instead, gas accretion is the result of quasi-static contraction of the inner envelope, which can be orders of magnitude smaller than the mass flow through the outer atmosphere. For planets smaller than Saturn, we measure moderate gas accretion rates that are below 1 Jupiter mass per Myr. Higher mass planets, however, accrete up to 10 times faster and do not reveal a self-driven mechanism that can halt gas accretion. Therefore, the reason for the final masses of Saturn and Jupiter remains difficult to understand, unless their completion coincided with the dissipation of the Solar Nebula.

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