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arXiv 1707.08079astro-ph.EP
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嵌入行星的第一个大气层的流体动力学- III。超级地球行星辐射传输的作用

Hydrodynamics of embedded planets' first atmospheres - III. The role of radiation transport for super-Earth planets

Nicolas P. Cimerman, Rolf Kuiper, Chris W. Ormel

摘要:

近距离的超级地球,气体质量分数高达10%,这对行星形成理论提出了挑战:尽管它们的核心质量在$M_\mathrm{c} \simeq 10 M_\mathrm{\oplus}$的临界范围内,但它们如何避免失控的气体吸积和坍缩成热彗星?先前的三维(3D)流体动力学模拟表明,低质量行星的大气层不能被认为是与原行星盘隔离的,这与一维进化计算中的假设相反。这一发现被称为再循环假说。在本文中,我们调查的超地球行星的回收假说,占现实的三维辐射流体力学。此外,我们进行了直接的比较,在1D和3D几何之间的熵的演变。我们清楚地看到,3D大气保持较高的熵:虽然大气中的气体通过辐射冷却失去熵,但高熵气体从圆盘平流到邦迪/希尔球减缓了开尔文-亥姆霍兹收缩,可能会在亚临界气体质量分数下阻止包络增长。因此,回收工作蓬勃发展,与以前的研究结果一致。然而,我们也发现了一个“内核“--大小为邦迪半径的$\approx$ 25%--那里的流线更圆,熵比外层大气低得多。未来的研究需要更高的分辨率,以评估该地区是否可以成为流体动力学隔离的长时间尺度。

英文摘要:

The population of close-in super-Earths, with gas mass fractions of up to 10% represents a challenge for planet formation theory: how did they avoid runaway gas accretion and collapsing to hot Jupiters despite their core masses being in the critical range of $M_\mathrm{c} \simeq 10 M_\mathrm{\oplus}$? Previous three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamical simulations indicate that atmospheres of low-mass planets cannot be considered isolated from the protoplanetary disc, contrary to what is assumed in 1D-evolutionary calculations. This finding is referred to as the recycling hypothesis. In this Paper we investigate the recycling hypothesis for super-Earth planets, accounting for realistic 3D radiation hydrodynamics. Also, we conduct a direct comparison in terms of the evolution of the entropy between 1D and 3D geometries. We clearly see that 3D atmospheres maintain higher entropy: although gas in the atmosphere loses entropy through radiative cooling, the advection of high entropy gas from the disc into the Bondi/Hill sphere slows down Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction, potentially arresting envelope growth at a sub-critical gas mass fraction. Recycling, therefore, operates vigorously, in line with results by previous studies. However, we also identify an "inner core" -- in size $\approx$ 25% of the Bondi radius -- where streamlines are more circular and entropies are much lower than in the outer atmosphere. Future studies at higher resolutions are needed to assess whether this region can become hydrodynamically-isolated on long time-scales.

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