We present the results of a numerical simulation of the history and future development of the Pleiades. This study builds on our previous one that established statistically the present-day structure of this system. Our simulation begins just after molecular cloud gas has been expelled by the embedded stars. We then follow, using an N body code, the stellar dynamical evolution of the cluster to the present and beyond. Our initial state is that which evolves, over the 125 Myr age of the cluster, to a configuration most closely matching the current one.
We find that the original cluster, newly stripped of gas, already had a virial radius of 4 pc. This configuration was larger than most observed, embedded clusters. Over time, the cluster expanded further and the central surface density fell by about a factor of two. We attribute both effects to the liberation of energy from tightening binaries of short period. Indeed, the original binary fraction was close to unity. The ancient Pleiades also had significant mass segregation, which persists in the cluster today.
In the future, the central density of the Pleiades will continue to fall. For the first few hundred Myr, the cluster as a whole will expand because of dynamical heating by binaries. The expansion process is aided by mass loss through stellar evolution, which weakens the system's gravitational binding. At later times, the Galactic tidal field begins to heavily deplete the cluster mass. It is believed that most open clusters are eventually destroyed by close passage of a giant molecular cloud. Barring that eventuality, the density falloff will continue for as long as 1 Gyr, by which time most of the cluster mass will have been tidally stripped away by the Galactic field.
We report our long-term spectroscopic monitoring of the Pleiades member HII-2147, which has previously been spatially resolved at radio wavelengths in VLBI observations. It has also been claimed to be a (presumably short-period) double-lined spectroscopic binary with relatively sharp lines, although no orbit has ever been published. Examination of our new spectroscopic material, and of the historical radial velocities, shows that the current and previous spectra are best interpreted as showing only a single set of lines of a moderately rapidly rotating star with slowly variable radial velocity…
Why are rapidly rotating M dwarfs in the Pleiades so (infra)red? New period measurements confirm rotation-dependent color offsets from the cluster sequence
在疏散星团中测量的恒星自转周期已被证明对研究恒星的角动量含量和旋转驱动的磁活动非常有用，这两者都是年龄和质量相关的过程。虽然已经获得了数百个太阳质量的昴星团成员的周期测量，但在这个恒星演化理论的关键实验室中，只有少数低质量（$<$ 0.5 M $_{\odot}$）成员的周期测量存在。为了填补这一空白，我们报告了132个低质量昂宿星成员的旋转周期（其中包括近100个M $\leq$ 0.45 M $_{\odot}$），这些周期是通过帕洛马瞬时工厂在2011年底和2012年初对该星系团进行的光度监测测得的。这些周期将1.25亿年恒星自转的肖像延伸到质量最低的恒星，并重新确立了昂宿星作为恒星角动量传输和演化模型的关键基准。结合我们的新的旋转周期与精确的BVIJHK测光报告的Stauffer等人。和Kamai等人。我们调查已知的K和M昴星团成员的光度特性异常。我们确认了Kamai等人检测到的恒星自转周期和相对于星团色星等图中主序星的位置之间的相关性。我们发现，快速旋转有红色（V-K）的颜色比较慢的旋转在相同的V，表明快速和缓慢的旋转有不同的二进制频率和/或光球属性。我们发现快速旋转和慢速旋转的光度振幅没有差异，这表明星点纵向分布的不对称性并不随旋转速率而变化。
Millimeter emission from debris disks around stars of different ages provides constraints on the collisional evolution of planetesimals. We present ALMA 1.3 millimeter observations of a sample of 76 Solar-type stars in the ~115 Myr old Pleiades star cluster. These ALMA observations complement previous infrared observations of this sample by providing sensitivity to emission from circumstellar dust at lower temperatures, corresponding to debris at radii comparable to the Kuiper Belt and beyond. The observations obtain a beam size of 1.5 arcsec (200 au) and a median rms noise of 54 mircoJy/beam,…
We wish to measure the cool star rotation period distribution for the Pleiades-age rich open cluster NGC 2516 and use it to determine whether cluster-to-cluster variations exist in otherwise identical open clusters. We obtained 42 d-long time-series CCD photometry of NGC 2516 using the Yale 1 m telescope at CTIO and performed a number of related analyses, including PSF-based time-series photometry. Our data are complemented with additional information from several photometric datasets, literature radial velocities, and Gaia DR2 astrometry. All available data are used to construct an integrated…
Chronos: Towards a self-consistent and absolute stellar age scale. I. A Bayesian hierarchical lithium-age model: Validation on the Pleiades cluster
Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（天文生物学中心 (CAB)，西班牙国家科学技术研究委员会-国家航空航天技术研究所）；Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid（马德里康普顿斯大学物理科学学院地球与天体物理学系）；Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)（西班牙国立远程教育大学人工智能系）；Dpto. Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Universidad de Cádiz（加的斯大学统计与运筹学系）；Departamento de Álgebra, Geometría y Topología, Universidad de Málaga（马拉加大学代数、几何与拓扑学系）
Radius inflation continues to be explored as a peculiar occurrence among magnetically active, low-mass stars. Recently Somers et. al. 2017 showed that radius inflation among low-mass stars in the young open cluster M45 (Pleiades Cluster) is correlated to the rotation rate: faster rotators are more inflated. Here we extend that work to a sample of 68 stars of the older open Hyades Cluster. We derive the stars' spectral energy distributions to measure their bolometric fluxes. With spectroscopically defined $T_{\rm eff}$ and {\it Gaia\/} distances we calculate stellar radii using the Stefan-Boltz…
We have analysed K2 light curves for more than 3,000 low mass stars in the $\sim$8 Myr old Upper Sco association, the $\sim$125 Myr age Pleiades open cluster and the $\sim$700 Myr old Hyades and Praesepe open clusters to determine stellar rotation rates. Many of these K2 targets show two distinct periods, and for the lowest mass stars in these clusters virtually all of these systems with two periods are photometric binaries. The most likely explanation is that we are detecting the rotation periods for both components of these binaries. We explore the evolution of the rotation rate in both comp…
Young planets provide a window into the early stages and evolution of planetary systems. Ideal planets for such research are in coeval associations, where the parent population can precisely determine their ages. We describe a young association (MELANGE-3) in the Kepler field, which harbors two transiting planetary systems (Kepler-1928 and Kepler-970). We identify MELANGE-3 by searching for kinematic and spatial overdensities around Kepler planet hosts with high levels of lithium. To determine the age and membership of MELANGE-3, we combine new high-resolution spectra with archival light curve…
Rotation periods from Kepler K2 are combined with projected rotation velocities from the WIYN 3.5-m telescope, to determine projected radii for fast-rotating, low-mass ($0.15 \leq M/M_{\odot} \leq 0.6$) members of the Praesepe cluster. A maximum likelihood analysis that accounts for observational uncertainties, binarity and censored data, yields marginal evidence for radius inflation -- the average radius of these stars is $6\pm4$ per cent larger at a given luminosity than predicted by commonly-used evolutionary models. This over-radius is smaller (at 2-sigma confidence) than was found for sim…
We study the evolution of embedded clusters. The equations of motion of the stars in the cluster are solved by direct N-body integration while taking the effects of stellar evolution and the hydrodynamics of the natal gas content into account. The gravity of the stars and the surrounding gas are coupled self consistently to allow the realistic dynamical evolution of the cluster. While the equations of motion are solved, a stellar evolution code keeps track of the changes in stellar mass, luminosity and radius. The gas liberated by the stellar winds and supernovae deposits mass and energy into …
We apply for the first time a two-dimensional fitting statistic, $τ^2$, to rotational evolution models (REMs) of stars (0.1 to 1.3 $M_{\odot}$) on the period-mass plane. The $τ^2$ statistic simultaneously considers all cluster rotation data to return a goodness of fit, allowing for data-driven improvement of REMs. We construct data sets for Upper Sco, the Pleiades and Praesepe, to which we tune our REMs. We use consistently determined stellar masses (calculated by matching $K_\textrm{s}$ magnitudes to isochrones) and literature rotation periods. As a first demonstration of the $τ^2$ statistic,…
As an illustration of the value of historical measures we present some examples of the dynamical evolution of multiple systems resembling the Orion Trapezium. We constructed models by combining carefully selected historical measures of the separations among components of young massive stellar systems with modern observations. By computing large numbers of fictitious systems resembling real trapezia we were able to simulate the dynamical evolution of such systems. Our results on the dynamical fate of the Orion Trapezium and of ten additional young clusters resembling the Orion Trapezium show ex…
Towards a holistic magnetic braking model from the evolution of cataclysmic variables to stellar spin-down -- I: the spin-down of fully convective M-dwarfs
We discuss the observational properties of a special class of objects (the so-called "Blue Straggler Stars", BSSs) in the framework of using this stellar population as probe of the dynamical processes occurring in high-density stellar systems. Indeed, the shape of the BSS radial distribution and their level of central concentration are powerful tracers of the stage of dynamical evolution reached by the host cluster since formation. Hence, they can be used as empirical chronometers able to measure the dynamical age of stellar systems. In addition, the presence of a double BSS sequence in the co…
The rotational evolution of a young stellar population can give informations about the rotation pattern of more evolved clusters. Combined with rotational period values of thousands of young stars and theoretical propositions about the redistribution and loss of stellar angular momentum, it allows us to trace the rotational history of stars according to their mass. We want to investigate how internal and environmental changes on single stars can change the rotational evolution of a young stellar population. We run Monte Carlo simulations of a young cluster composed by solar mass stars of 0.5, …
