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arXiv 1111.0992astro-ph.SR
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嵌入星团的演化

The evolution of embedded star clusters

F. I. Pelupessy, S. Portegies Zwart

摘要:

我们研究嵌入式集群的演变。在考虑了恒星演化和气体流体动力学的影响下,采用直接N体积分法求解了星团中恒星的运动方程。恒星和周围气体的引力自洽地耦合在一起,以实现星团真实的动力学演化。在解出运动方程的同时,一个恒星演化代码会跟踪恒星质量、光度和半径的变化。恒星风和超新星释放出的气体将质量和能量储存到星系团所嵌入的气体库中。我们研究了1000颗恒星的星团模型,但我们改变了恒星形成效率(0.05-0.5之间),星团半径(0.1-1.0秒差距),初始恒星种群的维里支持程度(0-100%)和反馈的强度。我们发现,一个初始的恒星分数$M_\star/M_{\rm tot} > 0.05$是必要的集群生存。如果气体没有被超新星猛烈地喷出,并且如果星团在放气过程中有时间接近维里平衡,那么生存的可能性更大。当团簇被嵌入时,动态摩擦驱动团簇中的早期和有效的质量分离。$m \gtrsim 2\,M_\odot$的恒星优先被保留下来,代价是损失质量较小的恒星。我们的结论是,在疏散星团,如昴星团的质量分离的程度不是长期演化的结果,而是其嵌入阶段的残余。

英文摘要:

We study the evolution of embedded clusters. The equations of motion of the stars in the cluster are solved by direct N-body integration while taking the effects of stellar evolution and the hydrodynamics of the natal gas content into account. The gravity of the stars and the surrounding gas are coupled self consistently to allow the realistic dynamical evolution of the cluster. While the equations of motion are solved, a stellar evolution code keeps track of the changes in stellar mass, luminosity and radius. The gas liberated by the stellar winds and supernovae deposits mass and energy into the gas reservoir in which the cluster is embedded. We examine cluster models with 1000 stars, but we varied the star formation efficiency (between 0.05-0.5), cluster radius (0.1-1.0 parsec), the degree of virial support of the initial population of stars (0-100%) and the strength of the feedback. We find that an initial star fraction $M_\star/M_{\rm tot} > 0.05$ is necessary for cluster survival. Survival is more likely if gas is not blown out violently by a supernova and if the cluster has time to approach virial equilibrium during out-gassing. While the cluster is embedded, dynamical friction drives early and efficient mass segregation in the cluster. Stars of $m \gtrsim 2\,M_\odot$ are preferentially retained, at the cost of the loss of less massive stars. We conclude that the degree of mass segregation in open clusters such as the Pleiades is not the result of secular evolution but a remnant of its embedded stage.

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