We developed an automated procedure for the identification of transient brightenings in images from the X-ray telescope on-board Hinode taken with an Al Poly filter in the equatorial coronal holes, polar coronal holes, and the quiet Sun with and without transient coronal holes. We found that in comparison to the quiet Sun, the boundaries of coronal holes are abundant with brightening events including areas inside the coronal holes where closed magnetic field structures are present. The visual analysis of these brightenings revealed that around 70% of them in equatorial, polar and transient coronal holes and their boundaries show expanding loop structures and/or collimated outflows. In the quiet Sun only 30% of the brightenings show flows with most of them appearing to be contained in the solar corona by closed magnetic field lines. This strongly suggests that magnetic reconnection of co-spatial open and closed magnetic field lines creates the necessary conditions for plasma outflows to large distances. The ejected plasma always originates from pre-existing or newly emerging (at X-ray temperatures) bright points. The present study confirms our findings that the evolution of loop structures known as coronal bright points is associated with the small-scale changes of coronal hole boundaries. The loop structures show an expansion and eruption with the trapped plasma consequently escaping along the "quasi" open magnetic field lines. These ejections appear to be triggered by magnetic reconnection, e.g. the so-called interchange reconnection between the closed magnetic field lines (BPs) and the open magnetic field lines of the coronal holes. We suggest that these plasma outflows are possibly one of the sources of the slow solar wind.
The target of this work is to investigate the physical nature of polar jets in the solar corona and their possible contribution to coronal heating and solar wind flow based on the analysis of X-ray images acquired by the Hinode XRT telescope. We estimate the different forms of energy associated with many of these small-scale eruptions, in particular the kinetic energy and enthalpy. Two Hinode XRT campaign datasets focusing on the two polar coronal holes were selected to analyze the physical properties of coronal jets; the analyzed data were acquired using a series of three XRT filters. Typical…
Evidence of widespread hot plasma in a non-flaring coronal active region from Hinode/XRT
纳米耀斑，在空间上无法分辨的磁链中的短而强的热脉冲，现在被认为是解决日冕加热问题的主要候选者。然而，频繁出现的纳米耀斑要求耀斑热等离子体始终存在于日冕中。到目前为止，它的探测被证明是难以捉摸的，部分原因是预测的强度非常微弱。在这里，我们报告的一个活跃的区域观察到的5个过滤器的日之出/XRT在2006年11月的分析。我们已经使用的过滤器比率的方法来获得软，硬比率的温度和排放量的地图。这些图是近似的，因为等离子体被假设为沿着每个视线是等温的。尽管如此，最难的可用比率揭示了约10 MK的血浆的明显存在。为了获得更详细的等离子体特性的信息，我们进行了蒙特卡罗模拟假设各种非等温发射测量分布沿视线。我们发现，所观察到的过滤器的比率意味着双峰分布组成的一个强冷（log T ~ 6.3-6.5）的组件和较弱（百分之几）和较热（6.6 < log T < 7.2）的组件。数据与沿所有视线的双峰分布一致，即，整个活跃区域。我们还发现，从过滤器的比率推断的等温温度敏感地依赖于冷组件的精确温度。该分量的轻微偏移可能导致热分量在硬比率测量中被遮蔽。因此，以硬比率和软比率制作的温度图往往是反相关的。我们的结论是，这一观察结果支持存在广泛的nanoflaring活动的活跃区域。
We present a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the coronal mass ejection (CME) on 13 December 2006 in the emerging delta-sunspot active region 10930, improving upon a previous simulation by Fan (2016) as follows. (1) Incorporate an ambient solar wind instead of using a static potential magnetic field extrapolation as the initial state. (2) In addition to imposing the emergence of a twisted flux rope, also impose at the lower boundary a random electric field that represents the effect of turbulent convection, which drives field-line braiding and produces resistive and viscous heating in t…
这项工作的目的是确定瞬态EUV增亮的真正性质，称为闪光。共空间和共时间的多仪器数据，包括成像（EUVI/STEREO，XRT和SOT/Hinode），光谱（CDS/SoHO和EIS/Hinode）和磁图（SOT/Hinode）数据，一个孤立的赤道冕洞。应用CDSOV 629 A和EUVI 171 A的瞬态增亮自动识别程序.我们在CDS O V 629 A光栅图像中识别出28个闪光灯组。所有CDS O V 629 A眼罩均在EUVI 171 A和304 A图像中显示对应物。我们将这些闪光分为两类，一类与冠状对应物相关，另一类与XRT图像和EIS Fe XII 195.12 A光栅图像中所见的无冠状对应物相关。大约三分之二的闪光灯显示了日冕对应物，并对应于各种事件，如EUV/X射线喷流，日冕亮点的增亮或较大环的足点增亮。这些增亮重复发生，在过渡区温度下的寿命约为40分钟。在XRT和EIS Fe XII 195.12 A中没有日冕对应物的剩余闪烁群看起来像点状增亮，并且有色球/过渡区的起源。它们只发生一次，寿命约为20分钟。一般来说，闪光灯的寿命在不同的波长，即不同的温度下是不同的，从色球层到日冕逐渐减少。这项工作表明，术语blinker涵盖了一系列现象。闪烁是起源于日冕、过渡区和色球高度的各种瞬态事件的EUV响应。因此，与闪光灯相关的事件有助于形成和维持过渡区和日冕中的温度梯度。
Slow MHD waves are important tools for understanding the coronal structures and dynamics. In this paper, we report a number of observations, from X-Ray Telescope (XRT) on board HINODE and SDO/AIA of reflecting longitudinal waves in hot coronal loops. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this kind as seen from the XRT and simultaneously with the AIA. The wave appears after a micro-flare occurs at one of the footpoints. We estimate the density and the temperature of the loop plasma by performing DEM analysis on the AIA image sequence. The estimated speed of propagation is comparable or …
We present a multi-wavelength analysis of two flare-related jets on November 13, 2014, using data from SDO/AIA, RHESSI, Hinode/XRT, and IRIS. Unlike most coronal jets where hard X-ray (HXR) emissions are usually observed near the jet base, in these events HXR emissions are found at several locations, including in the corona. We carry out the first differential emission measure (DEM) analysis that combines both AIA (and XRT when available) bandpass filter data and RHESSI HXR measurements for coronal jets, and obtain self-consistent results across a wide temperature range and into non-thermal en…
We examine 21 solar polar coronal jets that we identify in soft X-ray images obtained from the Hinode/X-ray telescope (XRT). We identify 11 of these jets as blowout jets and four as standard jets (with six uncertain), based on their X-ray-spire widths being respectively wide or narrow (compared to the jet's base) in the XRT images. From corresponding Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), essentially all (at least 20 of 21) of the jets are made by minifilament eruptions, consistent with other recent studies. Here, we exa…
冕洞区域的高空间和时间分辨率图像显示了经常观察到物质流和喷流的动态环境。这些喷流被认为对日冕加热和快速太阳风的加速很重要。我们研究了在极冕洞中看到的两个喷流的动力学，并结合了EIS和Hinode上的XRT成像。我们观察到的漂移运动的演变和形成这些小规模的喷流，我们试图模拟以及。我们发现的观测证据支持这样一种观点，即极地喷流很可能是由在不同时间、不同地点发生的多次小规模重连产生的。这些喷射出的等离子体团上下流动，其运动非常类似于简单的弹道运动。第一喷流的相关漂移速度估计为$\approx$ 27 km s $^{-1}$。第一个喷流向外的平均速度是$\approx 171$ km s $^{-1}$，远低于逃逸速度，因此如果考虑简单的弹道运动，等离子体将不会逃逸太阳。第二个喷流是在南极冕孔中用三种XRT过滤器观察到的，即C $_{-}$ poly、Al $_{-}$ poly和Al $_{-}$ mesh过滤器。我们观察到，第二个射流漂移在所有高度沿射流具有相同的漂移速度$\simeq$ 7 km s $^{-1}$。在射流寿命的后期阶段中低温EIS线的光变曲线的增强和射流的堆叠图的形状表明射流材料是回落的，并且最有可能冷却下来。为了支持这一结论，观测到的漂移被解释在一个场景中，重联逐渐沿着磁结构转移，导致连续出现的喷流的大小和物理特性大致相同。在此基础上，我们还提出了一个简单的定性…
The higher charge states found in slow ($<$400km s$^{-1}$) solar wind streams compared to fast streams have supported the hypothesis that the slow wind originates in closed coronal loops, and released intermittently through reconnection. Here we examine whether a highly ionized slow wind can also form along steady and open magnetic field lines. We model the steady-state solar atmosphere using AWSoM, a global magnetohydrodynamic model driven by Alfv{é}n waves, and apply an ionization code to calculate the charge state evolution along modeled open field lines. This constitutes the first charge s…
We investigate in detail the magnetic cause of minifilament eruptions that drive coronal-hole jets. We study 13 random on-disk coronal hole jet eruptions, using high resolution X-ray images from Hinode/XRT, EUV images from SDO/AIA, and magnetograms from SDO/HMI. For all 13 events, we track the evolution of the jet-base region and find that a minifilament of cool (transition-region-temperature) plasma is present prior to each jet eruption. HMI magnetograms show that the minifilaments reside along a magnetic neutral line between majority-polarity and minority-polarity magnetic flux patches. Thes…
We use the cellular automaton model described in López Fuentes \& Klimchuk (2015, ApJ, 799, 128) to study the evolution of coronal loop plasmas. The model, based on the idea of a critical misalignment angle in tangled magnetic fields, produces nanoflares of varying frequency with respect to the plasma cooling time. We compare the results of the model with active region (AR) observations obtained with the Hinode/XRT and SDO/AIA instruments. The comparison is based on the statistical properties of synthetic and observed loop lightcurves. Our results show that the model reproduces the main observ…
Flares are a major explosive event in our solar system. They are often followed by coronal mass ejection that has a potential to trigger the geomagnetic storms. There are various studies aiming to predict when and where the flares are likely to occur. Most of these studies mainly discuss the photospheric and chromospheric activity before the flare onset. In this paper we study the coronal features before the famous large flare occurrence on December 13th, 2006. Using the data from Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS), X-Ray Telescope (XRT), and Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) /Extre…
We study a 2D cellular automaton (CA) model for the evolution of coronal loop plasmas. The model is based on the idea that coronal loops are made of elementary magnetic strands that are tangled and stressed by the displacement of their footpoints by photospheric motions. The magnetic stress accumulated between neighbor strands is released in sudden reconnection events or nanoflares that heat the plasma. We combine the CA model with the Enthalpy Based Thermal Evolution of Loops (EBTEL) model to compute the response of the plasma to the heating events. Using the known response of the XRT telesco…
This paper investigates a quiescent (non-flaring) active region observed on July 13, 2010 in EUV, SXR, and HXRs to search for a hot component that is speculated to be a key signature of coronal heating. We use a combination of RHESSI imaging and long-duration time integration (up to 40 min) to detect the active regions in the 3-8 keV range during apparently non-flaring times. The RHESSI imaging reveals a hot component that originates from the entire active region, as speculated for a nanoflare scenario where the entire active region is filled with a large number of unresolved small energy rele…
Three-dimensional mapping of coronal magnetic field and plasma parameters in a solar flare
Institut für Sonnenphysik (KIS)（太阳物理研究所）；Center For Solar-Terrestrial Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology（新泽西理工学院太阳-地球关系研究中心）；University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory（伦敦大学学院穆拉德太空科学实验室）
We study a series of X-ray-bright, rapidly-evolving active-region coronal jets outside the leading sunspot of AR 12259, using Hinode/XRT, SDO/AIA and HMI, and IRIS data. The detailed evolution of such rapidly evolving "violent" jets remained a mystery after our previous investigation of active region jets (Sterling et al. 2016, Paper 1). The jets we investigate here erupt from three localized subregions, each containing a rapidly evolving (positive) minority-polarity magnetic-flux patch bathed in a (majority) negative-polarity magnetic-flux background. At least several of the jets begin with e…
Rapidly decaying long-period oscillations often occur in hot coronal loops of active regions associated with small (or micro-) flares. This kind of wave activity was first discovered with the SOHO/SUMER spectrometer from Doppler velocity measurements of hot emission lines, thus also often called "SUMER" oscillations. They were mainly interpreted as global (or fundamental mode) standing slow magnetoacoustic waves. In addition, increasing evidence has suggested that the decaying harmonic type of pulsations detected in light curves of solar and stellar flares are likely caused by standing slow-mo…
Most of the commonly discussed solar coronal jets are of the type consisting of a single spire extending approximately vertically from near the solar surface into the corona. Recent research supports that eruption of a miniature filament (minifilament) drives many such single-spire jets, and concurrently generates a miniflare at the eruption site. A different type of coronal jet, identified in X-ray images during the Yohkoh era, are two-sided-loop jets, which extend from a central excitation location in opposite directions, along low-lying coronal loops more-or-less horizontal to the surface. …
We examine a sampling of 23 polar-coronal-hole jets. We first identified the jets in soft X-ray (SXR) images from the X-ray telescope (XRT) on the Hinode spacecraft, over 2014-2016. During this period, frequently the polar holes were small or largely obscured by foreground coronal haze, often making jets difficult to see. We selected 23 jets among those adequately visible during this period, and examined them further using Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) 171, 193, 211, and 304 Ang images. In SXRs we track the lateral drift of the jet spire relative to the je…
Using the observations recorded by Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on-board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) and X-Ray Telescope (XRT) both on-board Hinode, we present the evidence of chromospheric evaporation in a coronal loop after the occurrence of two active region transient brightenings (ARTBs) at the two footpoints. The chromospheric evaporation started nearly simultaneously in all the three hot channels of AIA such as 131~Å, 94~Å and 335~Å, which was observed to be temperature…
During transient events such as major solar eruptions, the plasma can be far from the equilibrium ionization state because of rapid heating or cooling. Non-equilibrium ionization~(NEI) is important in rapidly evolving systems where the thermodynamical timescale is shorter than the ionization or recombination time scales. We investigate the effects of NEI on EUV and X-ray observations by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board Solar Dynamic Observatory and X-ray Telescope (XRT) on board Hinode. Our model assumes that the plasma is initially in ionization equilibrium at low temperature, …
Recent observations from Parker Solar Probe have revealed that the solar wind has a highly variable structure. How this complex behaviour is formed in the solar corona is not yet known, since it requires omnipresent fluctuations, which constantly emit material to feed the wind. In this article we analysed 14 upflow regions in the solar corona to find potential sources for plasma flow. The upflow regions were derived from spectroscopic data from the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) onboard Hinode determining their Doppler velocity and defining regions which have blueshifts stronger than $-6\,km\,…
Active regions often show S-shaped structures in the corona called sigmoids. These are highly sheared and twisted loops formed along the polarity inversion line. They are considered to be one of the best pre-eruption signatures for CMEs. Here, we investigate the thermodynamic evolution of an on-disk sigmoid observed during December 24-28, 2015. For this purpose, we have employed Emission Measure (EM) and filter-ratio techniques on the observations recorded by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and X-ray Telescope (XRT) onboard Hinode. The EM ana…
We examine in greater detail five events previously identified as being sources of strong transient coronal outflows in a solar polar region in Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) Doppler data. Although relatively compact or faint and inconspicuous in Hinode/Soft X-ray Telescope (XRT) soft-X-ray (SXR) images and in Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) EUV images, we find that all of these events are consistent with being faint coronal X-ray jets. The evidence for this is that the events result from eruption of minifilaments of projected sizes spanning 5000 -- 1…
The 2008 August 1 Eclipse Solar-Minimum Corona Unraveled
我们讨论的白光和[Fe XIV]发射日冕观测期间的日全食2008年8月1日，在蒙古（Altaj地区）和俄罗斯（Akademgorodok，新西伯利亚，西伯利亚）的结果。对应于目前的极端太阳极小期，白光日冕，可见达20个太阳半径，是一个短暂的类型与明显的头盔流光位于一个位置角48，130，241和322度的双折射链上方。在两极周围可以看到各种各样的冕洞，里面充满了一些细小的极地羽流。进一步的原始方法的图像处理，恒星高达12等，一个克鲁兹族彗星（C/2008 O 1），和一个日冕物质抛射（CME）也被检测到，与最小的可分辨的结构是，在某些地方甚至小于1角秒。即使我们的站点之间有19分钟的时间差，也可以看到日冕和日冕中的差异，可能是运动。除了显示连续日冕的高分辨率日冕图像外，（K-日冕），由光球光的电子散射产生，重叠的绿色发射线的图像（530.3nm，[Fe XIV]）电晕，并利用两个窄带滤光片进行了研究（分别以线本身为中心和对于529.1nm附近的连续谱），每个具有0.15nm的FWHM。通过太阳观测，我们咨询了太阳和日光层天文台，Hinode的XRT和SOT，TRACE和STEREO，以及Wilcox太阳天文台和SOHO/MDI磁图，我们将我们的日食观测放在当前异常低和延长的太阳极小期的背景下。
We examine a small prominence eruption that occurred on 2014 May 1 at 01:35 UT and was observed by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrometer (IRIS) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Pre- and post-eruption images were taken by the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) on Hinode. Pre-eruption, a dome-like structure exists above the prominence, as demarcated by coronal rain. As the eruption progresses, we find evidence for reconnection between the prominence magnetic field and the overlying field. Fast flows are seen in AIA and IRIS, indicating reconnection outfl…
Magnetic loops filled with hot plasma are the main building blocks of the solar corona. Usually they have lengths of the order of the barometric scale height in the corona that is 50 Mm. Previously it has been suggested that miniature versions of hot loops exist. These would have lengths of only 1 Mm barely protruding from the chromosphere and spanning across just one granule in the photosphere. Such short loops are well established at transition region temperatures (0.1 MK), and we investigate if such miniature loops also exist at coronal temperatures (>1 MK). We used extreme UV imaging (EUV)…
We use data at 131, 171, and 304 A from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to search for hot flux ropes in 141 M-class and X-class solar flares that occurred at solar longitudes equal to or larger than 50 degrees. Half of the flares were associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The goal of our survey is to assess the frequency of hot flux ropes in large flares irrespective of their formation time relative to the onset of eruptions. The flux ropes were identified in 131 A images using morphological criteria and their high temperatures were c…
Many jets are detected at X-ray wavelengths in the Sun's polar regions, and the ejected plasma along the jets has been suggested to contribute mass to the fast solar wind. From in-situ measurements in the magnetosphere, it has been found that the fast solar wind has photospheric abundances while the slow solar wind has coronal abundances. Therefore, we investigated the abundances of polar jets to determine whether they are the same as that of the fast solar wind. For this study, we selected 22 jets in the polar region observed by Hinode/EIS (EUV Imaging Spectrometer) and XRT (X-Ray Telescope) …
Evidence for plasmoid formation related to a hot UV burst in the solar atmosphere
University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）；Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学罗斯兰德太阳物理中心）；Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophysics Laboratory（洛马太阳与天体物理学实验室）；SETI Institute（搜寻地外文明研究所）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理研究所）；Universidad de La Laguna（拉帕尔马大学）；Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）；Université Paris Cité（巴黎西岱大学）；CEA（法国原子能和替代能源委员会）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）
The relative amount of high temperature plasma has been found to be a useful diagnostic to determine the frequency of coronal heating on sub-resolution structures. When the loops are infrequently heated, a broad emission measure (EM) over a wider range of temperatures is expected. A narrower EM is expected for high frequency heating where the loops are closer to equilibrium. The soft X-ray spectrum contains many spectral lines that provide high temperature diagnostics, including lines from Fe XVII-XIX. This region of the solar spectrum will be observed by the Marshall Grazing Incidence Spectro…
Solar flare ribbons provide an important clue to the magnetic reconnection process and associated magnetic field topology in the solar corona. We detected a large-scale secondary flare ribbon of a circular shape that developed in association with two successive M-class flares and one CME. The ribbon revealed interesting properties such as 1) a quasi-circular shape and enclosing the central active region; 2) the size as large as 500\arcsec\, by 650\arcsec\,, 3) successive brightenings in the clockwise direction at a speed of \kms{160} starting from the nearest position to the flaring sunspots, …
Context. We present an analysis of a GOES M1.8 flare with excellent observational coverage in UV, EUV, and X-ray, including observations from the instruments IRIS, SDO with AIA, Hinode/EIS, Hinode/XRT, and Solar Orbiter with the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX). Hard X-ray emission is often observed at the footpoints of flare loops and is occasionally observed in the corona. In this flare, four nonthermal hard X-ray sources are seen. Aim. Our aim is to understand why we can observe four individual nonthermal sources in this flare and how we can characterize the physical propert…
