仙女座星系的核星盘：黑洞生长时代的化石
The Nuclear Stellar Disk in Andromeda: A Fossil from the Era of Black Hole Growth
摘要：
从星系尺度（~10-100 pc）到更小半径的角动量输运物理是我们理解超大质量黑洞（BH）形成和演化的突出问题之一。看似不相关的观测发现，在M31中有一个不明来源的不平衡恒星盘围绕着BH，可能还有许多其他系统。我们表明，这些名义上独立的难题，实际上是密切相关的。从银河系到BH尺度的气体流入的多尺度模拟表明，当足够的气体被推向BH时，引力不稳定性形成一个不平衡的偏心盘，从更大的半径向内传播。不平衡的恒星盘对剩余的气体施加了强大的扭矩，驱动流入，为BH的增长提供燃料，并产生类星体级别的亮度。同一个盘可以产生沿许多视线的显着的模糊，因此可能是假定的'环面'调用来解释模糊的活动星系核和宇宙X射线背景。这个圆盘的恒星遗迹是长寿的，并保留了偏心的图案。模拟产生类星体水平的吸积率产生的遗迹恒星盘的运动学，偏心模式，岁差率和表面密度分布在合理的协议与观测M31。因此，观测到的恒星核盘的性质可以用来限制超大质量黑洞的形成历史。
英文摘要：
The physics of angular momentum transport from galactic scales (~10-100 pc) to much smaller radii is one of the oustanding problems in our understanding of the formation and evolution of super-massive black holes (BHs). Seemingly unrelated observations have discovered that there is a lopsided stellar disk of unknown origin orbiting the BH in M31, and possibly many other systems. We show that these nominally independent puzzles are in fact closely related. Multi-scale simulations of gas inflow from galactic to BH scales show that when sufficient gas is driven towards a BH, gravitational instabilities form a lopsided, eccentric disk that propagates inwards from larger radii. The lopsided stellar disk exerts a strong torque on the remaining gas, driving inflows that fuel the growth of the BH and produce quasar-level luminosities. The same disk can produce significant obscuration along many sightlines and thus may be the putative 'torus' invoked to explain obscured active galactic nuclei and the cosmic X-ray background. The stellar relic of this disk is long lived and retains the eccentric pattern. Simulations that yield quasar-level accretion rates produce relic stellar disks with kinematics, eccentric patterns, precession rates, and surface density profiles in reasonable agreement with observations of M31. The observed properties of nuclear stellar disks can thus be used to constrain the formation history of super-massive BHs.
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