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arXiv 1001.5451astro-ph.COastro-ph.HE
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潜伏在Milky Way卫星中的巨大黑洞

Massive black holes lurking in Milky Way satellites

S. Van Wassenhove, M. Volonteri, M. G. Walker, J. R. Gair

摘要:

随着大质量黑洞(MBH)从低质量的种子中成长,人们很自然地认为,在现在的宇宙中也应该存在一批遗留下来的MBH。矮星系经历了一个安静的合并历史,因此,我们预计,在本地宇宙中观察到的矮保留一些“记忆”的原始种子质量分布。因此,附近矮星系中MBH的性质可能提供MBH形成效率的清晰指标。为了研究矮星系中MBH的性质,我们演化了从高红移到今天的银河系晕中不同的MBH种群。我们认为两个合理的MBH形成机制:“大规模的种子”形成通过气体动力学不稳定性和人口III残留的种子模型。“巨大的种子”比PopIII残留物质量更大,但在更罕见的宿主中形成。我们动态地发展与中央系统合并的所有晕,考虑到相互作用如何修改卫星,剥离它们的外部质量层。我们计算不同属性的MBH人口托管在这些卫星。我们发现,在大多数情况下,MBH保留了原始质量,从而提供了一个明确的指示种子的属性是什么。我们推导出z=0时卫星群的黑洞占有率(BHOF)。作为“大质量种子”产生的MBH质量很大,这有利于它们的识别,但它们典型的BHOF总是低于40%,对于观测到的矮星系大小,则会降低到不到40%。相比之下,人口III残留物具有较高的BHOF,但它们的质量自形成以来没有增长太多,抑制了它们的检测。

英文摘要:

As massive black holes (MBHs) grow from lower-mass seeds, it is natural to expect that a leftover population of progenitor MBHs should also exist in the present universe. Dwarf galaxies undergo a quiet merger history, and as a result, we expect that dwarfs observed in the local Universe retain some `memory' of the original seed mass distribution. Consequently, the properties of MBHs in nearby dwarf galaxies may provide clean indicators of the efficiency of MBH formation. In order to examine the properties of MBHs in dwarf galaxies, we evolve different MBH populations within a Milky Way halo from high-redshift to today. We consider two plausible MBH formation mechanisms: `massive seeds' formed via gas-dynamical instabilities and a Population III remnant seed model. `Massive seeds' have larger masses than PopIII remnants, but form in rarer hosts. We dynamically evolve all halos merging with the central system, taking into consideration how the interaction modifies the satellites, stripping their outer mass layers. We compute different properties of the MBH population hosted in these satellites. We find that for the most part MBHs retain the original mass, thus providing a clear indication of what the properties of the seeds were. We derive the black hole occupation fraction (BHOF) of the satellite population at z=0. MBHs generated as `massive seeds' have large masses that would favour their identification, but their typical BHOF is always below 40 per cent and decreases to less than per cent for observed dwarf galaxy sizes. In contrast, Population III remnants have a higher BHOF, but their masses have not grown much since formation, inhibiting their detection.

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