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arXiv 0911.2230astro-ph.COastro-ph.GA
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星系团和星系群中的重子分数

On the Baryon Fractions in Clusters and Groups of Galaxies

Xinyu Dai, Joel N. Bregman, Christopher S. Kochanek, Elena Rasia

摘要:

我们提出的2 MASS集团和集群的重子分数作为集群丰富度的函数,使用总的和气体质量测量堆叠ROSAT X射线数据和恒星质量估计从红外星系目录。我们检测到的X射线发射,即使在郊区的集群,超过r_200的丰富类与X射线温度高于1千电子伏。这使我们能够更准确地确定这些集团和集群中的总气体质量。我们发现,光学选择组和集群有更平坦的温度分布和更高的恒星气体质量比单独研究,X射线明亮的集群。我们还发现,在温度低于1千电子伏的贫困群体的恒星质量是在这些系统中的气体质量相媲美。结合这些结果与个别测量的集群,团体和星系的文献中,我们发现一个突破的重子分数在~1千电子伏。在这个温度以上,重子分数随温度的变化为f_b \propto T ^0.20 \pm 0.03。在低于这个温度时,我们看到了明显更小的重子分数,并且贫群的重子分数与具有更浅势阱的系统(如正常星系和矮星系)的重子分数平滑地结合在一起,在这些星系中,重子分数与推断的速度色散成比例,即f_b \propto σ^1.6。在任何给定的势阱深度的重子分数的小散射有利于一个普遍的重子损失机制和预热模型的重子损失。然而,对于质量较小的系统,散射更大。最后,我们注意到,虽然破幂律关系可以从文献中的数据点单独推断,穷人集团和大质量星系的重子分数之间的一致性,激励我们适合两类对象(星系和集群)与一个关系。

英文摘要:

We present the baryon fractions of 2MASS groups and clusters as a function of cluster richness using total and gas masses measured from stacked ROSAT X-ray data and stellar masses estimated from the infrared galaxy catalogs. We detect X-ray emission even in the outskirts of clusters, beyond r_200 for richness classes with X-ray temperatures above 1 keV. This enables us to more accurately determine the total gas mass in these groups and clusters. We find that the optically selected groups and clusters have flatter temperature profiles and higher stellar-to-gas mass ratios than the individually studied, X-ray bright clusters. We also find that the stellar mass in poor groups with temperatures below 1 keV is comparable to the gas mass in these systems. Combining these results with individual measurements for clusters, groups, and galaxies from the literature, we find a break in the baryon fraction at ~1 keV. Above this temperature, the baryon fraction scales with temperature as f_b \propto T^0.20\pm0.03. We see significantly smaller baryon fractions below this temperature, and the baryon fraction of poor groups joins smoothly onto that of systems with still shallower potential wells such as normal and dwarf galaxies where the baryon fraction scales with the inferred velocity dispersion as f_b \propto σ^1.6. The small scatter in the baryon fraction at any given potential well depth favors a universal baryon loss mechanism and a preheating model for the baryon loss. The scatter is, however, larger for less massive systems. Finally, we note that although the broken power-law relation can be inferred from data points in the literature alone, the consistency between the baryon fractions for poor groups and massive galaxies inspires us to fit the two categories of objects (galaxies and clusters) with one relation.

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