Multiple genome alignment remains a challenging problem. Effects of recombination including rearrangement, segmental duplication, gain, and loss can create a mosaic pattern of homology even among closely related organisms. We describe a method to align two or more genomes that have undergone large-scale recombination, particularly genomes that have undergone substantial amounts of gene gain and loss (gene flux). The method utilizes a novel alignment objective score, referred to as a sum-of-pairs breakpoint score. We also apply a probabilistic alignment filtering method to remove erroneous alignments of unrelated sequences, which are commonly observed in other genome alignment methods. We describe new metrics for quantifying genome alignment accuracy which measure the quality of rearrangement breakpoint predictions and indel predictions. The progressive genome alignment algorithm demonstrates markedly improved accuracy over previous approaches in situations where genomes have undergone realistic amounts of genome rearrangement, gene gain, loss, and duplication. We apply the progressive genome alignment algorithm to a set of 23 completely sequenced genomes from the genera Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella. The 23 enterobacteria have an estimated 2.46Mbp of genomic content conserved among all taxa and total unique content of 15.2Mbp. We document substantial population-level variability among these organisms driven by homologous recombination, gene gain, and gene loss. Free, open-source software implementing the described genome alignment approach is available from http://gel.ahabs.wisc.edu/mauve .
Some Enumeration Problems in the Duplication-Loss Model of Genome Rearrangement
串联重复随机丢失(TDRL)是进化生物学中研究的一种重要的基因组重排操作。本文研究了对称群($ n $-集上的置换空间)上TDRL运算的一些形式性质。特别是,在TDRL度量的半径为1的“球”的基数,以及两个这样的球的最大交集的基数,确定。也解决了所谓的镜像(或回文)TDRL重排操作的相应问题。结果代表了在这种情况下的纠错和重建问题的研究的第一步,并在基于DNA的数据存储应用的潜在利益。
Sequencing and characterisation of rearrangements in three S. pastorianus strains reveals the presence of chimeric genes and gives evidence of breakpoint reuse
总的染色体重排有可能在进化上对适应性生物有利。杂交物种的产生通过将两个同源基因组结合在一起来增加重组的机会。我们试图定义的位置基因组重排的三个菌株的酵母巴斯德,一个天然的啤酒酿造酵母杂交酿酒酵母和酵母酵母eubayanus,使用全基因组鸟枪测序。每株S. pastorianus已经失去了其基因组的物种特异性部分,并经历了广泛的重组,产生嵌合染色体。我们预测了30个断点,并通过设计每个断点侧翼的物种特异性引物,然后对PCR产物进行测序,在单核苷酸水平上确认了这些断点。这些重排是两个亚基因组之间同源区域之间重组的结果,而不是重复元件如转座子或tRNA。有趣的是,28/30 S。酿酒酵母- S. Eubayanus重组断点位于基因区域内,产生嵌合基因。此外,我们显示的证据,位于HSP 82和KEM 1,在拟议的独立来源的菌株的重复使用的两个断点。
Limited Lifespan of Fragile Regions in Mammalian Evolution
基因组进化中的一个重要问题是是否存在染色体重排反复发生的脆弱区域(重排热点)。尽管几乎所有最近的研究都支持哺乳动物基因组中存在脆弱区域,但最全面的哺乳动物基因组学研究(Ma et al.(2006)Genome Research 16,1557-1565)对它们的存在提出了一些质疑。我们表明,脆弱的地区受到“出生和死亡”的过程,这意味着脆弱性有限的进化寿命。这一发现意味着脆弱区域迁移到不同哺乳动物的不同位置,解释了为什么不同谱系之间只有少数染色体断裂点。脆弱区域的诞生和死亡现象强化了这样一个假设,即重排是由匹配的片段重复促进的,并表明了目前活跃的脆弱区域在人类基因组中的假定位置。