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arXiv 0909.5075quant-ph
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一般概率论中的熵与信息因果性

Entropy and Information Causality in General Probabilistic Theories

Howard Barnum, Jonathan Barrett, Lisa Orloff Clark, Matthew Leifer, Robert Spekkens, Nicholas Stepanik, Alex Wilce, Robin Wilke

摘要:

我们调查的概念,熵的概率理论更一般的比量子力学,特别是信息因果关系的概念最近提出的Pawlowski等。(arXiv:0905.2992).我们考虑两个熵量,我们称之为测量和混合熵。在经典和量子理论中,它们是相等的,分别由香农熵和冯诺伊曼熵给出;然而,一般来说,它们是非常不同的。特别是,虽然测量熵很容易被看作是凹的,但混合熵不一定是凹的。事实上,正如我们所示,混合熵不是凹的状态空间是一个非单纯的多面体。因此,测量熵和混合熵一致的条件是对可能理论的强约束。我们称具有这种性质的理论为单熵理论。度量熵是次可加的,但一般不是强次可加的。等价地,如果我们通过通常的公式I(A:B)= H(A)+ H(B)- H(AB)来定义两个系统A和B之间的互信息,其中H表示测量熵,AB是A和B的非信号复合,则可能发生I(A:BC)< I(A:B)。这与Pawlowski等人意义上的信息因果关系有关:我们表明,任何单熵的非信号理论,其中测量熵是强次加性的,也满足一个版本的Holevo界,是信息因果关系,另一方面,我们观察到Popescu-Rohrlich盒,违反信息因果关系,也违反强次加性。我们还探讨了测量和混合熵之间的相互作用和各种自然条件的理论,出现在量子公理。

英文摘要:

We investigate the concept of entropy in probabilistic theories more general than quantum mechanics, with particular reference to the notion of information causality recently proposed by Pawlowski et. al. (arXiv:0905.2992). We consider two entropic quantities, which we term measurement and mixing entropy. In classical and quantum theory, they are equal, being given by the Shannon and von Neumann entropies respectively; in general, however, they are very different. In particular, while measurement entropy is easily seen to be concave, mixing entropy need not be. In fact, as we show, mixing entropy is not concave whenever the state space is a non-simplicial polytope. Thus, the condition that measurement and mixing entropies coincide is a strong constraint on possible theories. We call theories with this property monoentropic. Measurement entropy is subadditive, but not in general strongly subadditive. Equivalently, if we define the mutual information between two systems A and B by the usual formula I(A:B) = H(A) + H(B) - H(AB) where H denotes the measurement entropy and AB is a non-signaling composite of A and B, then it can happen that I(A:BC) < I(A:B). This is relevant to information causality in the sense of Pawlowski et al.: we show that any monoentropic non-signaling theory in which measurement entropy is strongly subadditive, and also satisfies a version of the Holevo bound, is informationally causal, and on the other hand we observe that Popescu-Rohrlich boxes, which violate information causality, also violate strong subadditivity. We also explore the interplay between measurement and mixing entropy and various natural conditions on theories that arise in quantum axiomatics.

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