激波和局部流体动力学;纳维-斯托克斯方程的失效
Shockwaves and Local Hydrodynamics; Failure of the Navier-Stokes Equations
摘要：
冲击波为研究远离平衡态的简单流体的非平衡性质提供了一条有用而有益的途径。为了简单起见，我们研究了稠密二维流体中的强激波。在这里，我们对非线性输运性质的研究清楚地表明了观测到的局部流体动力学变量（如各种梯度和通量）与定义（或“测量”）这些变量的选择方法之间的联系。计算非局部水动力平均值的范围比平均算法的其他细节要重要得多。结果清楚地表明，微观时间可逆的因果动力学与宏观瞬时不可逆的模型，如纳维-斯托克斯方程的不兼容。
英文摘要：
Shockwaves provide a useful and rewarding route to the nonequilibrium properties of simple fluids far from equilibrium. For simplicity, we study a strong shockwave in a dense two-dimensional fluid. Here, our study of nonlinear transport properties makes plain the connection between the observed local hydrodynamic variables (like the various gradients and fluxes) and the chosen recipes for defining (or "measuring") those variables. The range over which nonlocal hydrodynamic averages are computed turns out to be much more significant than are the other details of the averaging algorithms. The results show clearly the incompatibility of microscopic time-reversible cause-and-effect dynamics with macroscopic instantaneously-irreversible models like the Navier-Stokes equations.
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