Geometric structures modeled on affine hypersurfaces and generalizations of the Einstein Weyl and affine hypersphere equations
Daniel J. F. Fox
备注：
v6: Corrected errant exposition in the main (!) definition (of naive Einstein and Einstein AH structures). The correct conditions (those actually used throughout the paper) require the vanishing of the symmetric trace-free parts of certain tensors, but, to the authors embarrassment, the word "symmetric" had been omitted in the definitions themselves and some accompanying text
An affine hypersurface (AH) structure is a pair comprising a conformal structure and a projective structure such that for any torsion-free connection representing the projective structure the completely trace-free part of the covariant derivative of any metric representing the conformal structure is completely symmetric. AH structures simultaneously generalize Weyl structures and abstract the geometric structure determined on a non-degenerate co-oriented hypersurface in flat affine space by its second fundamental form together with either the projective structure induced by the affine normal or that induced by the conormal Gauss map. There are proposed notions of Einstein equations for AH structures which for Weyl structures specialize to the usual Einstein Weyl equations and such that the AH structure induced on a non-degenerate co-oriented affine hypersurface is Einstein if and only if the hypersurface is an affine hypersphere. It is shown that a convex flat projective structure admits a metric with which it generates an Einstein AH structure, and examples are constructed on mean curvature zero Lagrangian submanifolds of certain para-Kähler manifolds. The rough classification of Riemannian Einstein Weyl structures by properties of the scalar curvature is extended to this setting. Known estimates on the growth of the cubic form of an affine hypersphere are partly generalized. The Riemannian Einstein equations are reformulated in terms of a given background metric as an algebraically constrained elliptic system for a cubic tensor. From certain commutative nonassociative algebras there are constructed examples of exact Riemannian signature Einstein AH structures with self-conjugate curvature but which are not Weyl and are neither projectively nor conjugate projectively flat.
Let $\widetilde{J}$ be the canonical para-complex structure on $\mathbb{R}^4$. In this paper we study $3$-dimensional centro-affine hypersurfaces with a $\widetilde{J}$-tangent centro-affine vector field (sometimes called $\widetilde{J}$-tangent centro-affine hypersurfaces) as well as $3$-dimensional $\widetilde{J}$-tangent affine hyperspheres with the property that at least one null-direction of the second fundamental form coincides with either $\mathcal{D}^+$ or $\mathcal{D}^-$. The main purpose of this paper is to give a full local classification of the above mentioned hypersurfaces. In par…
We show that the Morse index of a closed minimal hypersurface in a four-dimensional Riemannian manifold cannot be bound in terms of the volume and the topological invariants of the hypersurface itself by presenting a method for constructing Riemannian metrics on S^4 that admit embedded minimal hyperspheres of uniformly bounded volume and arbitrarily large Morse index. The phenomena we exhibit are in striking contrast with the three-dimensional compactness results by Choi-Schoen.
We describe extrinsic hyperspheres and totally geodesic hypersurfaces in manifolds with special holonomy. In particular we prove the nonexistence of extrinsic hyperspheres in quaternion-Kaehler manifolds. We develop a new approach to extrinsic hyperspheres based on the classification of special Killing forms.
In this paper, we obtain the parametric expressions of the canal hypersurfaces that are formed as the envelope of a family of pseudo hyperspheres or pseudo hyperbolic hyperspheres whose centers lie on a pseudo null, partially null or null curves in $E^4_1$ and give their some geometric invariants such as unit normal vector fields, Gaussian curvatures and mean curvatures. Also, we construct some examples for these canal hypersurfaces and finally, we give some characterizations for tubular hypersurfaces in $E^4_1$.
In the present paper, firstly we obtain the general expression of the canal hypersurfaces which are formed as the envelope of a family of pseudo hyperspheres, pseudo hyperbolic hyperspheres and null hypercones in $E_{1}^{4}$ and give their some geometric invariants such as unit normal vector fields, Gaussian curvatures, mean curvatures and principal curvatures. Also we give some results about their flatness and minimality conditions and Weingarten canal hypersurfaces. Also, we obtain these characterizations for tubular hypersurfaces in $E_{1}^{4}$ by taking constant radius function and finally…
We consider non-degenerate centro-affine hypersurface immersions in R^n whose cubic form is parallel with respect to the Levi-Civita connection of the affine metric. There exists a bijective correspondence between homothetic families of proper affine hyperspheres with center in the origin and with parallel cubic form, and Köchers conic omega-domains, which are the maximal connected sets consisting of invertible elements in a real semi-simple Jordan algebra. Every level surface of the omega function in an omega-domain is an affine complete, Euclidean complete proper affine hypersphere with para…
There are considered 4-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian spaces with inner products of signature (3,1) and (2,2). The objects of investigation are space-like and time-like hyperspheres in the respective cases. These hypersurfaces are equipped with almost contact B-metric structures. The constructed manifolds are characterized geometrically.
Consider a set of $n$ data points in the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$. This set is called dataset in machine learning and data science. Manifold hypothesis states that the dataset lies on a low-dimensional submanifold with high probability. All dimensionality reduction and manifold learning methods have the assumption of manifold hypothesis. In this paper, we show that the dataset lies on an embedded hypersurface submanifold which is locally $(d-1)$-dimensional. Hence, we show that the manifold hypothesis holds at least for the embedding dimensionality $d-1$. Using an induction in a pyramid …
We introduce and study the equiaffine symmetric {\bf hyperspheres}. For the first step we consider the locally strongly convex ones. In fact, by the idea used by Naitoh, we provide in this paper a direct proof of the complete classification for those affine symmetric hyperspheres. Then, via an earlier result of the first author, we are able to provide an alternative proof for the classification theorem of the affine hypersurface with parallel Fubini-Pick forms, which has already been established by Z.J. Hu et al in a totally different way.
In this paper, we study strictly convex affine hypersurfaces centroaffinely congruent to their centre map, in the case when the shape operator has two distinct eigenvalues: one of multiplicity 1, and one nonzero of multiplicity n-1. We show how to construct them from (n-1)-dimensional affine hyperspheres.
It is known that a tube over a Kahler submanifold in a complex form is a Hopf hypersurface. In some sense the reverse statement is true: a connected compact generic immersed C^(2n-1) regular Hopf hypersurface in the complex projective plane is a tube iver an irreducible algebraic variety. In the complex hyperbolic space a connected compact generic immersed C^(2n-1) regular Hopf hypersurface is a geodesic hypersphere
An affine hypersurface $M$ is said to admit a pointwise symmetry, if there exists a subgroup $G$ of ${\rm Aut}(T_p M)$ for all $p\in M$, which preserves (pointwise) the affine metric $h$, the difference tensor $K$ and the affine shape operator $S$. Here, we consider 3-dimensional indefinite affine hyperspheres, i.e. $S= HId$ (and thus $S$ is trivially preserved). In Part 1 we found the possible symmetry groups $G$ and gave for each $G$ a canonical form of $K$. We started a classification by showing that hyperspheres admitting a pointwise ${\mathbb Z}_2\times {\mathbb Z}_2$ resp. ${\mathbb R}$-…
We study Weyl structures on lightlikes hypersurfaces endowed with a conformal structure of certain type and specific screen distribution: the Weyl screen structures. We investigate various differential geometric properties of Einstein-Weyl screen structures on lightlike hypersurfaces and show that, for ambiant Lorentzian space $\mathbb{R}^{n+2}_{1}$ and a totally umbilical screen foliation, there is a strong interplay with the induced (Riemannian) Weyl-structure on the leaves. Finally, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for a Weyl structure defined by the $1-$form of an almost co…
We study the isometric spacelike embedding problem in scaled de Sitter space, and obtain Weyl-type estimates and the corresponding closedness in the space of embeddings.
Let $M$ be a 5 dimensional Riemannian manifold with $Sec_M\in[0,1]$, $Σ$ be a locally conformally flat hypersphere in $M$ with mean curvature $H$. We prove that, there exists $\varepsilon_0>0$, such that $\int_Σ(1+H^2)^2 \ge 8π^2/3$, provided $H \le \varepsilon_0$. In particular, if $Σ$ is a locally conformally flat minimal hypersphere in $M$, then $Vol(Σ) \ge 8π^2/3$, which partially answer a question proposed by Mazet and Rosenberg \cite{Ma&Rosen}. For an $(n+1)-$ dimensional rotationally symmetric Riemannian manifold $M$, we show that an immersed hypersurface $Σ$ is locally conformally flat…
An affine hypersurface M is said to admit a pointwise symmetry, if there exists a subgroup G of Aut(T_p M) for all p in M, which preserves (pointwise) the affine metric h, the difference tensor K and the affine shape operator S. Here, we consider 3-dimensional indefinite affine hyperspheres, i.e. S= H Id (and thus S is trivially preserved). First we solve an algebraic problem. We determine the non-trivial stabilizers G of a traceless cubic form on a Lorentz-Minkowski space R^3_1 under the action of the isometry group SO(1,2) and find a representative of each SO(1,2)/G-orbit. Since the affine c…
In this paper, we study locally strongly convex Tchebychev hypersurfaces, namely the {\it centroaffine totally umbilical hypersurfaces}, in the $(n+1)$-dimensional affine space $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$. We first make an ordinary-looking observation that such hypersurfaces are characterized by having a Riemannian structure admitting a canonically defined closed conformal vector field. Then, by taking the advantage of properties about Riemannian manifolds with closed conformal vector fields, we show that the ellipsoids are the only centroaffine Tchebychev hyperovaloids. This solves the longstanding pr…
We derive an explicit formula for the well-known Chern-Moser-Weyl tensor for nondegenerate real hypersurfaces in complex space in terms of their defining functions. The formula is considerably simplified when applying to "pluriharmonic perturbations" of the sphere or to a Fefferman approximate solution to the complex Monge-Ampère equation. As an application, we show that the CR invariant one-form $X_α$ constructed recently by Case and Gover is nontrivial on each real ellipsoid of revolution in $\mathbb{C}^3$, unless it is equivalent to the sphere. This resolves affirmatively a question posed b…
We prove a universal lower bound for the $L^{n/2}$-norm of the Weyl tensor in terms of the Betti numbers for compact $n$-dimensional Riemannian manifolds that are conformally immersed as hypersurfaces in the Euclidean space. As a consequence, we determine the homology of almost conformally flat hypersurfaces. Furthermore, we provide a necessary condition for a compact Riemannian manifold to admit an isometric minimal immersion as a hypersurface in the sphere and extend a result due to Shiohama and Xu \cite{SX} for compact hypersurfaces in any space form.
We show that the minimal hypersurface method of Schoen and Yau can be used for the ``quantitative'' study of positive scalar curvature. More precisely, we show that if a manifold admits a metric $g$ with $s_g \ge | T |$ or $s_g \ge | W |$, where $s_g$ is the scalar curvature of of $g$, $T$ any 2-tensor on $M$ and $W$ the Weyl tensor of $g$, then any closed orientable stable minimal (totally geodesic in the second case) hypersurface also admits a metric with the corresponding positivity of scalar curvature. A corollary about the topology of such hypersurfaces is proved in a special situation.
We study complex 4-manifolds with holomorphic self-dual conformal structures, and we obtain an interpretation of the Weyl tensor of such a manifold as the projective curvature of a field of cones on the ambitwistor space. In particular, its vanishing is implied by the existence of some compact, simply-connected, null-geodesics. We also relate the Cotton-York tensor of an umbilic hypersurface to the Weyl tensor of the ambient. As a consequence, a conformal 3-manifold or a self-dual 4-manifold admitting a rational curve as a null-geodesic is conformally flat. We show that the projective structur…
We prove a Weyl Law for the phase transition spectrum based on the techniques of Liokumovich-Marques-Neves. As an application we give phase transition adaptations of the proofs of the density and equidistribution of minimal hypersufaces for generic metrics by Irie-Marques-Neves and Marques-Neves-Song, respectively. We also prove the density of separating limit interfaces for generic metrics in dimension 3, based on the recent work of Chodosh-Mantoulidis, and for generic metrics on manifolds containing only separating minimal hypersurfaces, e.g. $H_n(M,\mathbb{Z}_2) = 0$, for $4 \leq n+1 \leq 7…
For almost all Riemannian metrics (in the $C^\infty$ Baire sense) on a closed manifold $M^{n+1}$, $3\leq (n+1)\leq 7$, we prove that there is a sequence of closed, smooth, embedded, connected minimal hypersurfaces that is equidistributed in $M$. This gives a quantitative version of the main result of \cite{irie-marques-neves}, by Irie and the first two authors, that established denseness of minimal hypersurfaces for generic metrics. As in \cite{irie-marques-neves}, the main tool is the Weyl Law for the Volume Spectrum proven by Liokumovich and the first two authors in \cite{liokumovich-marques…
An AH (affine hypersurface) structure is a pair comprising a projective equivalence class of torsion-free connections and a conformal structure satisfying a compatibility condition which is automatic in two dimensions. They generalize Weyl structures, and a pair of AH structures is induced on a co-oriented non-degenerate immersed hypersurface in flat affine space. The author has defined for AH structures Einstein equations, which specialize on the one hand to the usual Einstein Weyl equations and, on the other hand, to the equations for affine hyperspheres. Here these equations are solved for …
We construct point invariants of ordinary differential equations that generalise the Cartan invariants of equations of order two and three. The vanishing of the invariants is equivalent to the existence of a totally geodesic paraconformal structure which consist of a paraconformal structure, an adapted $GL(2,\R)$-connection and a two-parameter family of totally geodesic hypersurfaces on the solution space. The structures coincide with the projective structures in dimension 2 and with the Einstein-Weyl structures of Lorentzian signature in dimension 3. We show that the totally geodesic paraconf…
Let (M,g) a compact Riemannian n-dimensional manifold with umbilic boundary. It is well know that, under certain hypothesis, in the conformal class of g there are scalar-flat metrics that have the boundary of M as a constant mean curvature hypersurface. In this paper we prove that these metrics are a compact set, provided n=8 and the Weyl tensor of the boundary is always different from zero, or if n>8 and the Weyl tensor of M is always different from zero on the boundary.
Let (M,g) a compact Riemannian $n$-dimensional manifold with umbilic boundary. It is well know that, under certain hypothesis, in the conformal class of g there are scalar-flat metrics that have the boundary of M as a constant mean curvature hypersurface. In this paper we prove that these metrics are a compact set in the case of low dimensional manifolds, that is n=6,7,8, provided that the Weyl tensor is always not vanishing on the boundary.
A complete characterization is obtained of the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the static vacuum Einstein equations which have a (pseudo)-compact horizon or boundary and are complete away from the boundary. It is proved that the time-symmetric space-like hypersurface has only finitely many ends, each of which is either asymptotically flat (AF) or parabolic, as in the (static) Kasner metric. Examples are given with both types of behavior, together with an extensive discussion and new characterization of Weyl metrics. The asymptotics result allows one in most circumstances to drop the AF ass…
In this paper we continue the study of bi-conformal vector fields started in {\em Class. Quantum Grav.} {\bf 21} 2153-2177. These are vector fields defined on a pseudo-Riemannian manifold by the differential conditions $\lie P_{ab}=ϕP_{ab}$, $\lieΠ_{ab}=χΠ_{ab}$ where $P_{ab}$, $Π_{ab}$ are orthogonal and complementary projectors with respect to the metric tensor $\rmg_{ab}$ and $\lie$ is the Lie derivative. In a previous paper we explained how the analysis of these differential conditions enabled us to derive local geometric characterizations of the most relevant cases of {\em conformally sep…
