A Survey of Attacks, Security Mechanisms and Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks
Dr. G. Padmavathi, Mrs. D. Shanmugapriya
备注：
9 Pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, Impact Factor 0.423 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
发表信息：
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS, Vol. 4, No. 1 & 2, August 2009, USA
Wireless Sensor networks (WSN) is an emerging technology and have great potential to be employed in critical situations like battlefields and commercial applications such as building, traffic surveillance, habitat monitoring and smart homes and many more scenarios. One of the major challenges wireless sensor networks face today is security. While the deployment of sensor nodes in an unattended environment makes the networks vulnerable to a variety of potential attacks, the inherent power and memory limitations of sensor nodes makes conventional security solutions unfeasible. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it profitable for being exploited in great quantity in future. The wireless communication technology also acquires various types of security threats. This paper discusses a wide variety of attacks in WSN and their classification mechanisms and different securities available to handle them including the challenges faced.
A few years ago, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) used by only military. Now, we have seen many of organizations use WSNs for some purposes such as weather, pollution, traffic control, and healthcare. Security is becoming on these days a major concern for wireless sensor network. In this paper I focus on the security types of attacks and their detection. This paper anatomizes the security requirements and security attacks in wireless sensor networks. Also, indicate to the benchmarks for the security in WSNs.
Data that is transient over an unsecured wireless network is always susceptible to being intercepted by anyone within the range of the wireless signal. Hence providing secure communication to keep the user information and devices safe when connected wirelessly has become one of the major concerns. Quantum cryptography provides a solution towards absolute communication security over the network by encoding information as polarized photons, which can be sent through the air. This paper explores on the aspect of application of quantum cryptography in wireless networks. In this paper we present a …
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a futuristic technology that promises to connect tons of devices via the internet. As more individuals connect to the internet, it is believed that communication will generate mountains of data. IoT is currently leveraging Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to collect, monitor, and transmit data and sensitive data across wireless networks using sensor nodes. WSNs encounter a variety of threats posed by attackers, including unauthorized access and data security. Especially in the context of the Internet of Things, where small embedded devices with limited computatio…
With the development of the fourth industrial revolution technology, the type and scope of use of drones are rapidly increasing. As interest in drones increases, research on related security vulnerabilities is actively being conducted, and discussions on security measures have also been developed to prevent them. Military has established and applied various security measures for this, and in particular, drones equipped with KCMVP-certified cryptographic modules are required to be introduced as a way to protect data on the drone's wireless channels. However, despite being equipped with such a c…
Security is an essential requirement of Industrial Control System (ICS) environments and its underlying communication infrastructure. Especially the lowest communication level within Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems - the field level - commonly lacks security measures. Since emerging wireless technologies within field level expose the lowest communication infrastructure towards potential attackers, additional security measures above the prevalent concept of air-gapped communication must be considered. Therefore, this work analyzes security aspects for the wireless commu…
We revisit the traditional framework of wireless secret key generation, where two parties leverage the wireless channel randomness to establish a secret key. The essence in the framework is to quantify channel randomness into bit sequences for key generation. Conducting randomness tests on such bit sequences has been a common practice to provide the confidence to validate whether they are random. Interestingly, despite different settings in the tests, existing studies interpret the results the same: passing tests means that the bit sequences are indeed random. In this paper, we investigate how…
Effectiveness of information security of automated process control systems, as well as of SCADA, depends on data transmissions protection technologies applied on transport environments components. This article investigates the problem of detecting attacks on WSN (wireless sensor networks) of SCADA systems. As the result of analytical studies the authors developed the detailed classification of external attacks on sensor networks and brought the detailed description of attacking impacts on components of SCADA systems in accordance with selected directions of attacks. Reviewed the methods of int…
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), security has a vital importance. Recently, there was a huge interest to propose security solutions in WSNs because of their applications in both civilian and military domains. Adversaries can launch different types of attacks, and cryptography is used to countering these attacks. This paper presents challenges of security and a classification of the different possible attacks in WSNs. The problems of security in each layer of the network's OSI model are discussed.
This paper presents a survey of key distribution schemes for wireless sensor networks. This survey includes the new approach of key distribution using the piggy bank method. Different Network architectures and different key pre-distribution schemes are described. The survey includes the use of the piggy bank approach to cryptography in which part of the key is pre-distributed and the remainder is varied in the application.
Wireless sensor networks consist of sensor nodes with limited computational and communication capabilities. In this paper, the whole network of sensor nodes is divided into clusters based on their physical locations. In addition, efficient ways of key distribution among the nodes within the cluster and among controllers of each cluster are discussed. Also, inter and intra cluster communications are presented in detail. The security of the entire network through efficient key management by taking into consideration the network's power capabilities is discussed. A graphical representation of the…
While the security literature predominantly focuses on the core network, the enhancement of the security of the beyond fifth generation (B5G) access network becomes of critical importance. Despite the strengthening of 5G security protocols with respect to LTE, there are still open issues that have not yet been fully addressed. In parallel as we move gradually away from the standard client-server networking paradigm and enter a new era of truly E2E quality of service (QoS), service level agreements (SLAs) in the near future will be expected to include guarantees about the quality of security (Q…
Security in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a very challenging task because of their dissimilarities with the conventional wireless networks. The related works so far have been done have tried to solve the problem keeping in the mind the constraints of WSNs. In this paper we have proposed a set of cellular automata based security algorithms (CAWS) which consists of CAKD, a Cellular Automata (CA) based key management algorithm and CASC, a CA based secure data communication algorithm, which require very small amount of memory as well as simple computation.
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) is the IEEE TaskGroupi solution for the security loop holes present in the already widely deployed 802.11 hardware. It is a set of algorithms that wrap WEP to give the best possible solution given design constraints such as paucity of the CPU cycles, hardwiring of the WEP encryption algorithm and software upgrade dependent. Thus, TKIP is significantly more difficult and challenging to implement and optimise than WEP. The objective of this research is to examine the cost and benefit of TKIP security mechanisms and optimise its implementation to reduce secu…
Two recent papers describe almost exactly the same group key establishment protocol for wireless sensor networks. Quite part from the duplication issue, we show that both protocols are insecure and should not be used - a member of a group can successfully impersonate the key generation centre and persuade any other group member to accept the wrong key value. This breaks the stated objectives of the schemes.
Key establishment between any pair of nodes is an essential requirement for providing secure services in wireless sensor networks. Blom's scheme is a prominent key management scheme but its shortcomings include large computation overhead and memory cost. We propose a new scheme in this paper that modifies Blom's scheme in a manner that reduces memory and computation costs. This paper also provides the value for secure parameter t such that the network is resilient.
In Wireless Sensor Networks, the sensor nodes are battery powered small devices designed for long battery life. These devices also lack in terms of processing capability and memory. In order to provide high confidentiality to these resource constrained network nodes, a suitable security algorithm is needed to be deployed that can establish a balance between security level and processing overhead. The objective of this research work is to perform a security analysis and performance evaluation of recently proposed Secure Force algorithm. This paper shows the comparison of Secure Force 64, 128, a…
Previous Web access authentication systems often use either the Web or the Mobile channel individually to confirm the claimed identity of the remote user. This paper proposes a new protocol using multifactor authentication system that is both secure and highly usable. It uses a novel approach based on Transaction Identification Code and SMS to enforce extra security level with the traditional Login/password system. The system provides a highly secure environment that is simple to use and deploy, that does not require any change in infrastructure or protocol of wireless networks. This Protocol …
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons have been increasingly used in smart city applications, such as location-based and proximity-based services, to enable Internet of Things to interact with people in vicinity or enhance context-awareness. Their widespread deployment in human-centric applications makes them an attractive target to adversaries for social or economic reasons. In fact, beacons are reportedly exposed to various security issues and privacy concerns. A characterization of attacks against beacon systems is given to help understand adversary motives, required adversarial capabilities, …
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be address…
Wireless sensor networks increasingly become viable solutions to many challenging problems and will successively be deployed in many areas in the future. However, deploying new technology without security in mind has often proved to be unreasonably dangerous. We propose a security architecture for self-organizing mobile wireless sensor networks that prevents many attacks these networks are exposed to. Furthermore, it limits the security impact of some attacks that cannot be prevented. We analyse our security architecure and show that it provides the desired security aspects while still being a…
A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. In addition, Wireless Sensor networks is an emerging technology and have great potential to be employed in critical situations like battlefields and commercial applications such as building, traffic surveillance, habitat monitoring and smart homes and many more scenarios. One of the major challenges wireless sensor networks face today is security. This has been enabled by the availability for a kind of possible attacks; the innate power and recall limit of sensor nodes earn c…
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are currently used in different industrial and consumer applications, such as earth monitoring, health related applications, natural disaster prevention, and many other areas. Security is one of the major aspects of Wireless sensor networks due to the resource limitations of sensor nodes. However, these networks are facing several threats that affect their functioning and their life. In this paper we present security attacks in wireless sensor networks, and we focus on a review and analysis of the recent Intrusion Detection schemes in WSNs.
The broadcast nature of wireless communication systems makes wireless transmission extremely susceptible to eavesdropping and even malicious interference. Physical layer security technology can effectively protect the private information sent by the transmitter from being listened to by illegal eavesdroppers, thus ensuring the privacy and security of communication between the transmitter and legitimate users. The development of mobile communication presents new challenges to physical layer security research. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the physical layer security research on …
Networks-on-chips (NoCs) are an integral part of emerging manycore computing chips. They play a key role in facilitating communication among processing cores and between cores and memory. To meet the aggressive performance and energy-efficiency targets of machine learning and big data applications, NoCs have been evolving to leverage emerging paradigms such as silicon photonics and wireless communication. Increasingly, these NoC fabrics are becoming susceptible to security vulnerabilities, such as from hardware trojans that can snoop, corrupt, or disrupt information transfers on NoCs. This art…
Sixth generation systems are expected to face new security challenges, while opening up new frontiers towards context awareness in the wireless edge. The workhorse behind this projected technological leap will be a whole new set of sensing capabilities predicted for 6G devices, in addition to the ability to achieve high precision localization. The combination of these enhanced traits can give rise to a new breed of context-aware security protocols, following the quality of security (QoSec) paradigm. In this framework, physical layer security solutions emerge as competitive candidates for low c…
This study aims to assess wireless network security holistically and attempts to determine the weakest link among the parts that comprise the 'secure' aspect of the wireless networks: security protocols, wireless technologies and user habits. The assessment of security protocols is done by determining the time taken to break a specific protocol's encryption key, or to pass an access control by using brute force attack techniques. Passphrase strengths as well as encryption key strengths ranging from 40 to 256 bits are evaluated. Different scenarios are planned and created for passphrase generat…
We proposed an authentication mechanism in the wireless sensor network. Sensor network uses the Kerberos authentication scheme for the authentication of bases station in the network. Kerberos provides a centralized authentication server whose function is to authenticate user by providing him the ticket to grant request to the base station. In this paper we have provided architecture for the authentication of base station in the wireless sensor network based on the Kerberos server authentication scheme.
This paper examines the security vulnerabilities and threats imposed by the inherent open nature of wireless communications and to devise efficient defense mechanisms for improving the wireless network security. We first summarize the security requirements of wireless networks, including their authenticity, confidentiality, integrity and availability issues. Next, a comprehensive overview of security attacks encountered in wireless networks is presented in view of the network protocol architecture, where the potential security threats are discussed at each protocol layer. We also provide a sur…
The paper examines quantitative assessment of wireless distribution system security, as well as an assessment of risks from attacks and security violations. Furthermore, it describes typical security breach and formal attack models and five methods for assessing security. The proposed normalized method for assessing the degree of security assurance operates with at least three characteristics, which allows comparatively analyze heterogeneous information systems. The improved calculating formulas have been proposed for two security assessment methods, and the elements of functional-cost analysi…
Wireless Sensor Networks have emerged as one of the leading technologies. These networks are designed to monitor crucial environmental parameters of humidity, temperature, wind speed, soil moisture content, UV index, sound, etc. and then transfer the required information to the base station. However, security remains the key challenge of such networks as critical data is being transferred. Most sensor nodes currently deployed have constraints on memory and processing power and hence operate without an efficient security protocol. Hereby a protocol which is lightweight and is secure for wireles…
With the expansion of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the need for securing the data flow through these networks is increasing. These sensor networks allow for easy-to-apply and flexible installations which have enabled them to be used for numerous applications. Due to these properties, they face distinct information security threats. Security of the data flowing through across networks provides the researchers with an interesting and intriguing potential for research. Design of these networks to ensure the protection of data faces the constraints of limited power and processing resources. We…
Sensor Networks technologies had proved their great practicability in the real world, being just a matter of time until this kind of networks will be standardized and used in the field. We focus on security issues in Distributed Sensor Networks like useful cryptosystems, attacks, preventing and detecting possible attacks, describing state of the art in domain and proposing new methods for further investigation
Enhancing Data Privacy In Wireless Sensor Networks: Investigating Techniques And Protocols To Protect Privacy Of Data Transmitted Over Wireless Sensor Networks In Critical Applications Of Healthcare And National Security
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an emerging technology now-a-days and has a wide range of applications such as battlefield surveillance, traffic surveillance, forest fire detection, flood detection etc. But wireless sensor networks are susceptible to a variety of potential attacks which obstructs the normal operation of the network. The security of a wireless sensor network is compromised because of the random deployment of sensor nodes in open environment, memory limitations, power limitations and unattended nature. This paper focuses on various attacks that manifest in the network and prov…
This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on applications of economic and pricing theory to security issues in wireless networks. Unlike wireline networks, the broadcast nature and the highly dynamic change of network environments pose a number of nontrivial challenges to security design in wireless networks. While the security issues have not been completely solved by traditional or system-based solutions, economic and pricing models recently were employed as one efficient solution to discourage attackers and prevent attacks to be performed. In this paper, we review economic and p…
The constraints of lightweight distributed computing environments such as wireless sensor networks lend themselves to the use of symmetric cryptography to provide security services. The lack of central infrastructure after deployment of such networks requires the necessary symmetric keys to be predistributed to participating nodes. The rich mathematical structure of combinatorial designs has resulted in the proposal of several key predistribution schemes for wireless sensor networks based on designs. We review and examine the appropriateness of combinatorial designs as a tool for building key …
Conventional wireless security assumes wireless communications are rightful and aims to protect them against malicious eavesdropping and jamming attacks. However, emerging infrastructure-free mobile communication networks are likely to be illegally used (e.g., by criminals or terrorists) but difficult to be monitored, thus imposing new challenges on the public security. To tackle this issue, this article presents a paradigm shift of wireless security to the surveillance and intervention of infrastructure-free suspicious and malicious wireless communications, by exploiting legitimate eavesdropp…
The IEEE 802.11b wireless ethernet standart has several serious security flaws. This paper describes this flaws, surveys wireless networks in the Cologne/Bonn area to get an assessment of the security configurations of fielded networks and analizes the legal protections provided to wireless ethernet operators by german law. We conclude that wireless ethernets without additional security measures are not usable for any transmissions which are not meant for a public audience.
Internet of Things (IoT) has become the most promising technology for service automation, monitoring, and interconnection, etc. However, the security and privacy issues caused by IoT arouse concerns. Recent research focuses on addressing security issues by looking inside platform and apps. In this work, we creatively change the angle to consider security problems from a wireless context perspective. We propose a novel framework called IoTGaze, which can discover potential anomalies and vulnerabilities in the IoT system via wireless traffic analysis. By sniffing the encrypted wireless traffic, …
This paper introduces the Beta distribution as a novel technique to weight direct and indirect trust and assessing the risk in wireless sensor networks. This paper also reviews the trust factors, which play a major role in building trust in wireless sensor networks and explains the dynamic aspects of trust. This is an extension of a previous work done by the authors using a new approach to assess risk. Simulation results related to the previous work and to the new approach introduced in this paper are also presented for easy comparison.
We introduce an encryption device based on wave-chaos to enhance the physical security of wireless wave transmission. The proposed encryption device is composed of a compact quasi-2D disordered cavity, where transmit signals pass through to be distorted in time before transmission. On the receiving end, the signals can only be decrypted when they pass through an identical cavity. In the absence of a proper decryption device, the signals cannot be properly decrypted. If a cavity with a different shape is used on the receiving end, vastly different wave dynamics will prevent the signals from bei…
Wireless sensor networks have attracted a lot of interest over the last decade in wireless and mobile computing research community. Applications of these networks are numerous and growing, which range from indoor deployment scenarios in the home and office to outdoor deployment in adversary's territory in a tactical battleground. However, due to distributed nature and their deployment in remote areas, these networks are vulnerable to numerous security threats that can adversely affect their performance. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion on the state of the art in security techno…
Lately, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become an emerging technology and can be utilized in some crucial circumstances like battlegrounds, commercial applications, habitat observing, buildings, smart homes, traffic surveillance and other different places. One of the foremost difficulties that WSN faces nowadays is protection from serious attacks. While organizing the sensor nodes in an abandoned environment makes network systems helpless against an assortment of strong assaults, intrinsic memory and power restrictions of sensor nodes make the traditional security arrangements impractical…
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently attracted a lot of interest in the research community due their wide range of applications. Due to distributed nature of these networks and their deployment in remote areas, these networks are vulnerable to numerous security threats that can adversely affect their proper functioning. This problem is more critical if the network is deployed for some mission-critical applications such as in a tactical battlefield. Random failure of nodes is also very likely in real-life deployment scenarios. Due to resource constraints in the sensor nodes, traditiona…
Physical-layer security (PLS) for industrial indoor terahertz (THz) wireless communication applications is considered. We use a similar model as being employed for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) wireless communication channels. A cell communication and a directed communication scenario are analyzed to illustrate the achievable semantic security guarantees for a wiretap channel with finite-blocklength THz-wireless communication links. We show that weakly directed transmitter (Alice) antennas, which allow cell-type communication with multiple legitimate receivers (Bobs) without adaptation …
Intelligent reflection surface (IRS) is emerging as a promising technique for future wireless communications. Considering its excellent capability in customizing the channel conditions via energy-focusing and energy-nulling, it is an ideal technique for enhancing wireless communication security and privacy, through the theories of physical layer security and covert communications, respectively. In this article, we first present some results on applying IRS to improve the average secrecy rate in wiretap channels, to enable perfect communication covertness, and to deliberately create extra rando…
A common approach for introducing security at the physical layer is to rely on the channel variations of the wireless environment. This type of approach is not always suitable for wireless networks where the channel remains static for most of the network lifetime. For these scenarios, a channel independent physical layer security measure is more appropriate which will rely on a secret known to the sender and the receiver but not to the eavesdropper. In this paper, we propose CD-PHY, a physical layer security technique that exploits the constellation diversity of wireless networks which is inde…
In wireless sensor networks, the $q$-composite key predistribution scheme is a widely recognized way to secure communications. Although connectivity properties of secure sensor networks with the $q$-composite scheme have been studied in the literature, few results address physical transmission constraints since it is challenging to analyze the network connectivity in consideration of both the $q$-composite scheme and transmission constraints together. These transmission constraints reflect real-world implementations of sensor networks in which two sensors have to be within a certain distance f…
