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arXiv 0909.0002astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP
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用径向速度法探测极低质量恒星周围的行星

Detecting Planets Around Very Low Mass Stars with the Radial Velocity Method

A. Reiners, J. L. Bean, K. F. Huber, S. Dreizler, A. Seifahrt, S. Czesla

摘要:

用径向速度法探测质量非常低的恒星周围的行星受到这样一个事实的阻碍,即这些恒星在最高精度光谱仪工作的光学波长处非常微弱。我们调查的精度,可以实现在近红外(NIR)的Y-,J-和H-波段的低质量恒星的径向速度测量,我们比较它的光学精度。对于早期M星,径向速度测量在近红外光谱提供没有或只有边际优势相比,光学测量。虽然它们在近红外中发射更多的通量,但光学中光谱特征的丰富性超过了通量差异。我们发现,近红外测量可以精确到比光学测量的光谱类型的恒星~M4,并从那里的近红外增益的精度对较冷的对象。我们研究了近红外光谱中的潜在校准策略,发现具有ThAr校准的稳定光谱仪可以提供足够的波长稳定性以获得m/s精度。此外,我们模拟了从光学到近红外波长的径向速度测量的活动(冷点)的波长相关的影响。我们的现场模拟表明,径向速度抖动并不像人们通常认为的那样朝着更长的波长急剧下降。抖动强烈地依赖于斑点的细节,即,现场温度和现场的光谱外观。即将推出的近红外光谱仪将允许在M中期和后期恒星中搜索具有特别优势的行星。活动仍将是一个问题,但在光学和近红外波长的同时观测可以提供强有力的约束点的性质,在活跃的恒星。

英文摘要:

The detection of planets around very low-mass stars with the radial velocity method is hampered by the fact that these stars are very faint at optical wavelengths where the most high-precision spectrometers operate. We investigate the precision that can be achieved in radial velocity measurements of low mass stars in the near infrared (nIR) Y-, J-, and H-bands, and we compare it to the precision achievable in the optical. For early-M stars, radial velocity measurements in the nIR offer no or only marginal advantage in comparison to optical measurements. Although they emit more flux in the nIR, the richness of spectral features in the optical outweighs the flux difference. We find that nIR measurement can be as precise than optical measurements in stars of spectral type ~M4, and from there the nIR gains in precision towards cooler objects. We studied potential calibration strategies in the nIR finding that a stable spectrograph with a ThAr calibration can offer enough wavelength stability for m/s precision. Furthermore, we simulate the wavelength-dependent influence of activity (cool spots) on radial velocity measurements from optical to nIR wavelengths. Our spot simulations reveal that the radial velocity jitter does not decrease as dramatically towards longer wavelengths as often thought. The jitter strongly depends on the details of the spots, i.e., on spot temperature and the spectral appearance of the spot. Forthcoming nIR spectrographs will allow the search for planets with a particular advantage in mid- and late-M stars. Activity will remain an issue, but simultaneous observations at optical and nIR wavelengths can provide strong constraints on spot properties in active stars.

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