Cognitive Dimensions is a framework for analyzing human-computer interaction. It is used for meta-analysis, that is, for talking about characteristics of systems without getting bogged down in details of a particular implementation. In this paper, I discuss some of the dimensions of this theory and how they can be applied to analyze information seeking interfaces. The goal of this analysis is to introduce a useful vocabulary that practitioners and researchers can use to describe systems, and to guide interface design toward more usable and useful systems
Despite the many implicit references to the social aspects of search within Information Seeking and Retrieval research, there has been relatively little work that has specifically investigated the additional requirements for collaborative search software. In this paper we re-assess a recent evaluation framework, designed for individual information seeking experiences, to see a) how it could still be applied to collaborative search software; b) how it could produce additional requirements for collaborative search; and c) how it could be extended in future work to be even more appropriate for co…
The goal of this study is to expand our understanding of the relationships between selected tasks, cognitive abilities and search result interfaces. The underlying objective is to understand how to select search results presentation for tasks and user contexts. Twenty three participants conducted four search tasks of two types and used two interfaces (List and Overview) to refine and examine search results. Clickthrough data were recorded. This controlled study employed a mixed model design with two within-subject factors (task and interface) and two between-subject factors (two cognitive abil…
In today's society, our cognition is constantly influenced by information intake, attention switching, and task interruptions. This increases the difficulty of a given task, adding to the existing workload and leading to compromised cognitive performances. The human body expresses the use of cognitive resources through physiological responses when confronted with a plethora of cognitive workload. This temporarily mobilizes additional resources to deal with the workload at the cost of accelerated mental exhaustion. We predict that recent developments in physiological sensing will increasingly c…
A critical analysis of cognitive load measurement methods for evaluating the usability of different types of interfaces: guidelines and framework for Human-Computer Interaction
University of Massachusetts Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校）；RMIT University（皇家墨尔本理工大学）；University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）；Google Research（谷歌研究院）
Conversational information seeking (CIS) is concerned with a sequence of interactions between one or more users and an information system. Interactions in CIS are primarily based on natural language dialogue, while they may include other types of interactions, such as click, touch, and body gestures. This monograph provides a thorough overview of CIS definitions, applications, interactions, interfaces, design, implementation, and evaluation. This monograph views CIS applications as including conversational search, conversational question answering, and conversational recommendation. Our aim is…
German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI)（德国人工智能研究中心）；Saarland Informatics Campus（萨尔兰信息学园区）
Many car accidents are caused by human distractions, including cognitive distractions. In-vehicle human-machine interfaces (HMIs) have evolved throughout the years, providing more and more functions. Interaction with the HMIs can, however, also lead to further distractions and, as a consequence, accidents. To tackle this problem, we propose using adaptive HMIs that change according to the mental workload of the driver. In this work, we present the current status as well as preliminary results of a user study using naturalistic secondary tasks while driving (i.e., the primary task) that attempt…
Neural Signatures Within and Between Chess Puzzle Solving and Standard Cognitive Tasks for Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Low-Cost Electroencephalography Study
Conversational information seeking (CIS) has been recognized as a major emerging research area in information retrieval. Such research will require data and tools, to allow the implementation and study of conversational systems. This paper introduces Macaw, an open-source framework with a modular architecture for CIS research. Macaw supports multi-turn, multi-modal, and mixed-initiative interactions, and enables research for tasks such as document retrieval, question answering, recommendation, and structured data exploration. It has a modular design to encourage the study of new CIS algorithms…
This survey presents studies that investigated non-spatial (sequential) and spatial information retrieval systems in parallel during a battery of information-seeking tasks with respect to user navigational behaviors, incidental learning, retrieval performance, cognitive abilities & load, direct manipulation of 2D & 3D interfaces, and satisfaction. I consider how information theory has contributed to the concepts of foraging, sense-making, exploration, and how the applied areas of interactive information retrieval (IIR) and cognitive/behavioral psychology have implemented these concepts into ar…
From Search Agents to Dissemination Interfaces: Understanding Human Trust in Health Information from Conversational Search
University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；National Institute of Informatics (NII)（日本国立情报学研究所）；Aalto University（阿尔托大学）；Tilburg University（蒂尔堡大学）；Southeast University（东南大学）；Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI)（荷兰数学与计算机科学研究中心）；Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学）
Expert knowledge is required to interpret data across a range of fields. Experts bridge gaps that often exists in our knowledge about relationships between data and the parameters of interest. This is especially true in geoscientific applications, where knowledge of the Earth is derived from interpretations of observable features and relies on predominantly unproven but widely accepted theories. Thus, experts facilitate solutions to otherwise unsolvable problems. However, experts are inherently subjective, and susceptible to cognitive biases and adverse external effects. This work examines thi…
Unpacking Vibe Coding: Help-Seeking Processes in Student-AI Interactions While Programming
CATALPA；FernUniversität in Hagen（费尔恩大学）；School of Computing and Information Systems（计算与信息系统学院）；University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学）；School of Computing（计算学院）；University of Eastern Finland（东芬兰大学）
A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) acquires brain signals, analyzes and translates them into commands that are relayed to actuation devices for carrying out desired actions. With the widespread connectivity of everyday devices realized by the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), BCI can empower individuals to directly control objects such as smart home appliances or assistive robots, directly via their thoughts. However, realization of this vision is faced with a number of challenges, most importantly being the issue of accurately interpreting the intent of the individual from the raw brain s…
Information foraging connects optimal foraging theory in ecology with how humans search for information. The theory suggests that, following an information scent, the information seeker must optimize the tradeoff between exploration by repeated steps in the search space vs. exploitation, using the resources encountered. We conjecture that this tradeoff characterizes how a user deals with uncertainty and its two aspects, risk and ambiguity in economic theory. Risk is related to the perceived quality of the actually visited patch of information, and can be reduced by exploiting and understanding…
The search task and the system both affect the demand on cognitive resources during information search. In some situations, the demands may become too high for a person. This article has a three-fold goal. First, it presents and critiques methods to measure cognitive load. Second, it explores the distribution of load across search task stages. Finally, it seeks to improve our understanding of factors affecting cognitive load levels in information search. To this end, a controlled Web search experiment with forty-eight participants was conducted. Interaction logs were used to segment search tas…
ATIM: An ACT-R-Based Task Interface Model for Predicting Operator Action Time in Digital Nuclear Control Rooms
Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University（清华大学核能与新技术研究院）；National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering（人机工程国家重点实验室）；Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology（韩国科学技术院）
Conversational search applications offer the prospect of improved user experience in information seeking via agent support. However, it is not clear how searchers will respond to this mode of engagement, in comparison to a conventional user-driven search interface, such as those found in a standard web search engine. We describe a laboratory-based study directly comparing user behaviour for a conventional search interface (CSI) with that of an agent-mediated multiview conversational search interface (MCSI) which extends the CSI. User reaction and search outcomes of the two interfaces are compa…
A Conversational Brain-Artificial Intelligence Interface
University of Vienna（维也纳大学）；Doctoral School Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna（维也纳大学计算机学院计算机博士学院）；Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna（维也纳大学维也纳认知科学中心）；Research Network Data Science, University of Vienna（维也纳大学数据科学研究网络）
Social media systems promise powerful opportunities for people to connect to timely, relevant information at the hyper local level. Yet, finding the meaningful signal in noisy social media streams can be quite daunting to users. In this paper, we present and evaluate Whoo.ly, a web service that provides neighborhood-specific information based on Twitter posts that were automatically inferred to be hyperlocal. Whoo.ly automatically extracts and summarizes hyperlocal information about events, topics, people, and places from these Twitter posts. We provide an overview of our design goals with Who…
