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arXiv 0907.4917hep-th
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多元宇宙中恒星形成的预测

Predictions from Star Formation in the Multiverse

Raphael Bousso, Stefan Leichenauer

摘要:

我们计算景观中的三变量概率分布,同时扫描宇宙学常数、原始密度对比度和空间曲率。我们考虑两种不同的措施,调节永恒的通货膨胀的分歧,和三个不同的模型的观察者。在一个模型中,观测者的出现与恒星产生的熵成正比;在另一个模型中,观测者在恒星形成后的固定时间(50亿或100亿年)出现。恒星形成率,这是我们所有观测模型的基础,敏感地依赖于三个扫描参数。我们采用了最近开发的模型,在多元宇宙中的恒星形成,一个相当大的改进,在以前的治疗不同的口袋宇宙的天体物理和宇宙学性质。对于观察者模型和测量的每个组合,我们显示所有单变量和双变量概率分布,其余参数保持固定和边缘化。我们的结果仅弱依赖于观察者模型,但更强烈的措施。使用因果菱形测度,观察到的参数值(或边界)位于我们计算的几乎所有概率分布的中心$2σ$内,并且总是在$3σ$内。考虑到参数空间的大尺寸和维度,这一成功是令人鼓舞的,而且相当重要。因果补丁措施给出了类似的结果,只要曲率可以忽略不计。如果曲率占主导地位,因果补丁会导致一种新的失控:它更喜欢宇宙学常数的负值,在景观中具有最小的星等。

英文摘要:

We compute trivariate probability distributions in the landscape, scanning simultaneously over the cosmological constant, the primordial density contrast, and spatial curvature. We consider two different measures for regulating the divergences of eternal inflation, and three different models for observers. In one model, observers are assumed to arise in proportion to the entropy produced by stars; in the others, they arise at a fixed time (5 or 10 billion years) after star formation. The star formation rate, which underlies all our observer models, depends sensitively on the three scanning parameters. We employ a recently developed model of star formation in the multiverse, a considerable refinement over previous treatments of the astrophysical and cosmological properties of different pocket universes. For each combination of observer model and measure, we display all single and bivariate probability distributions, both with the remaining parameter(s) held fixed, and marginalized. Our results depend only weakly on the observer model but more strongly on the measure. Using the causal diamond measure, the observed parameter values (or bounds) lie within the central $2σ$ of nearly all probability distributions we compute, and always within $3σ$. This success is encouraging and rather nontrivial, considering the large size and dimension of the parameter space. The causal patch measure gives similar results as long as curvature is negligible. If curvature dominates, the causal patch leads to a novel runaway: it prefers a negative value of the cosmological constant, with the smallest magnitude available in the landscape.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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