航天器充电和对太空电子设备的危害
Spacecraft Charging and Hazards to Electronics in Space
摘要：
航天系统与其轨道环境的相互作用是任何航天系统设计中的一个主要考虑因素，因为航天器在恶劣的空间环境中运行会产生各种危险。在这篇简短的评论中，讨论了对地球轨道航天器的两类危害：航天器充电和航天器电子设备的辐射危害，重点是自然环境因素和相互作用，有助于这些危害。在概述航天器充电的历史时期和SCATHA、CRRES和DMSP等实验卫星的一些观测结果之后，讨论了影响航天器充电的重要环境因素，包括等离子体相互作用、电场和磁场以及太阳辐射。航天器充电取决于航天器的几何形状及其轨道特性，因为每种类型的轨道的自然环境可能不同。低高度轨道卫星（LEO）通常比高高度地球同步（GEO）卫星经历更少的充电效应，除了低高度极轨道卫星穿过极光卵。介绍了表面充电、差异充电和内部充电的基本机理。环境因素，包括捕获和瞬态辐射，太阳和银河系宇宙射线，可以深刻地损害航天器的电子设备。文中还简要介绍了电离、原子位移、半导体损伤和单粒子现象等效应。
英文摘要：
The interaction of a space system with its orbital environment is a major consideration in the design of any space system, since a variety of hazards are associated with the operation of spacecraft in the harsh space environment. In this brief review, two types of hazards to Earth-orbiting spacecraft are discussed: spacecraft charging and radiation hazards to spacecraft electronics, with emphasis on the natural environmental factors and interactions which contribute to these hazards. Following a summary of the historical eras of spacecraft charging and some observations from experimental satellites: SCATHA, CRRES and DMSP, environmental factors significant to spacecraft charging are discussed, including plasma interactions, electric and magnetic fields and solar radiation. Spacecraft charging depends on the spacecraft geometry, as well as on the characteristics of its orbit, since the natural environment may differ for each type of orbit. Low altitude orbiting satellites (LEO) usually experience less charging effects than high altitude geosynchronous (GEO) satellites, except for low altitude polar orbiting satellites which cross the auroral oval. Basic mechanisms of surface charging, differential charging and internal charging are described. Environmental factors including trapped and transient radiation, solar and galactic cosmic rays, which can profoundly damage spacecraft electronics are presented. Some effects such as ionization and atomic displacement damages to semiconductors and single event phenomena are also briefly mentioned.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
