H. Krebs, E. Epelbaum, U. -G. Meißner
In this note we prove to all orders in the small scale expansion that all off-shell parameters which appear in the chiral effective Lagrangian with explicit Delta(1232) isobar degrees of freedom can be absorbed into redefinitions of certain low-energy constants and are therefore redundant.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
继续探索
Physical systems may couple to other systems through variables that are not gauge invariant. When we split a gauge system into two subsystems, the gauge-invariant variables of the two subsystems have less information than the gauge invariant variables of the original system; the missing information regards degrees of freedom that express relations between the subsystems. All this shows that gauge invariance is a formalization of the relational nature of physical degrees of freedom. The recent developments on boundary variables and boundary charges are clarified by this observation.
When two spacetimes are stitched across a null-shell placed at the horizon of a black hole BMS-supertranslation like soldering freedom arises if one demands the induced metric on the horizon shell should remain invariant under the translations generated by the null generators of the shell. We revisit this phenomenon at the horizon of rotating shells and obtain BMS like symmetries. We further show that superrotation like soldering symmetries in the form of conformal isometries can emerge whenever the degenerate metric of any null hypersurface admits a dependency on null (degenerate direction) c…
We formulate a supersymmetric theory in which both a dilaton and a second-rank tensor play roles of compensators. The basic off-shell multiplets are a linear multiplet (B_{μν}, χ, ϕ) and a vector multiplet (A_μ, ł; C_{μνρ}), where ϕand B_{\m\n} are respectively a dilaton and a second-rank tensor. The third-rank tensor C_{μνρ} in the vector multiplet is 'dual' to the conventional D-field with 0 on-shell or 1 off-shell degree of freedom. The dilaton ϕis absorbed into one longitudinal component of A_μ, making it massive. Initially, B_{μν} has 1 on-shell or 3 off-shell degrees of freedom, but it i…
We prove that any bilinear coupling of a massive spin-3/2 field can be brought into a gauge invariant form suggested by Pascalutsa by means of a non-linear field redefinition. The corresponding field transformation is given explicitly in a closed form and the implications for chiral effective field theory with explicit Delta (1232) isobar degrees of freedom are discussed.
Gravitational dynamics from collective field theory
本文提出集体场论的过完备冗余是实现AdS/CFT全息对偶的机制，并证明体自由度可由边界任意小邻域内自由度的线性组合表示。
We study horizon shells and soldering freedom for extreme black holes and how supertranslation-like Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS) symmetries appear as soldering transformations. Further, for a null shell placed infinitesimally close to the horizon of an extreme Reissner-Nordstr$\ddot{o}$m (RN) black hole, we show superrotation-like symmetries also arise as soldering freedom. Next, considering the interaction of impulsive gravitational waves supported at the horizon shell with test particles, we study how the "memory" (or the imprints) of BMS-like symmetries gets encoded in the geodesics (test part…
We present a complete and independent off-shell Green's basis of the dimension 8 operators in the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT). We propose an off-shell amplitude formalism such that this new kind of amplitudes has a one-to-one correspondence to general operators carrying all kinds of redundancies. The advantage of such formalism is that all kinds of redundancies can be formulated explicitly in terms of the off-shell spinors and thus be removed systematically from the exhaustive list of the general off-shell amplitudes. Following such procedure, redundant operators can be reduc…
We study the classical color radiation from very high energy collisions that produce colored particles. In the extreme high energy limit, the classical color fields are confined to a light-shell expanding at $c$ and are associated with a non-linear $σ$-model on the 2D light-shell with specific symmetry breaking terms. We argue that the quantum version of this picture exhibits asymptotic freedom and may be a useful starting point for an effective light-shell theory of the structure between the jets at a very high energy collider.
Constructing on-shell operator basis for all masses and spins
本文提出一种通过将振幅基分解为小群带电与中性两部分、并利用杨图系统构造任意自旋大质量粒子完整在壳算符基的无冗余方法，且可由计算机自动实现。
Beyond standard model (BSM) particles should be included in effective field theory in order to compute the scattering amplitudes involving these extra particles. We formulate an extension of Higgs effective field theory which contains arbitrary number of scalar and fermion fields with arbitrary electric and chromoelectric charges. The BSM Higgs sector is described by using the non-linear sigma model in a manner consistent with the spontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking. The chiral order counting rule is arranged consistently with the loop expansion. The leading order Lagrangian is organized…
Sakai-Sugimoto Model in an Off-Shell: Chiral Lagrangian to All Orders
本文研究Sakai-Sugimoto模型在非壳外情况下的有效作用，推导出包含无质量赝标量子和质量矢量介子相互作用的非局部有效作用，并比较了低能常数与文献中的结果。
We study the collapse of a self-gravitating thick shell of bosons coupled to a scalar radiation field. Due to the non-adiabaticity of the collapse, the shell (quantum) internal degrees of freedom absorb energy from the (classical) gravitational field and are excited. The excitation energy is then emitted in the form of bursts of (thermal) radiation and the corresponding backreaction on the trajectory is estimated.
We study the renormalization flow of Hilbert-Palatini gravity to lowest non-trivial order. We find evidence for an asymptotically safe high-energy completion based on the existence of an ultraviolet fixed point similar to the Reuter fixed point of quantum Einstein gravity. In order to manage the quantization of the large number of independent degrees of freedom in terms of the metric as well as the connection, we use an on-shell reduction scheme: for this, we quantize all degrees of freedom beyond Einstein gravity at a given order that remain after using the equations of motion at the precedin…
Using superspace projection operators we provide a classification of (3/2,2) off-shell supermultiplets which are realized in terms of a real axial vector superfield, with or without compensating superfields. Any linearized supergravity action is shown to be a superposition of those corresponding to (i) old minimal supergravity, (ii) new minimal supergravity and (iii) the novel (3/2,2) off-shell supermultiplet with 12+12 degrees of freedom obtained in hep-th/0201096.
This article elaborates on an off-shell formulation of D=4, N=1 supergravity whose auxiliary fields comprise an antisymmetric tensor field without gauge degrees of freedom. In particular, the relation to new minimal supergravity, a supercovariant tensor calculus and the construction of invariant actions including matter fields are discussed.
Dynamical evolution of thin shells composed by different kinds of degrees of freedom collapsing within asymptotically AdS spaces is explored with the aim of investigating models of holographic thermalization of strongly coupled systems. From the quantum field theory point of view this corresponds to considering different thermal quenches. We carry out a general study of the thermalization time scale using different parameters and space-time dimensions, by calculating renormalized space-like geodesic lengths and rectangular minimal area surfaces as extended probes of thermalization, which are d…
A detailed analysis of the structure and gauge dependence of the bulk-to-bulk propagators for the higher spin gauge fields in $AdS$ space is performed. The possible freedom in the construction of the propagators is investigated and fixed by the correct boundary behaviour and correspondence to the representation theory results for the $AdS$ space isometry group. The classical origin of the Goldstone mode and its connection with the gauge fixing procedure is considered.
OFF-SHELL (4,4) SUPERSYMMETRIC SIGMA MODELS WITH TORSION AS GAUGE THEORIES IN HARMONIC SUPERSPACE
从$(4,4)$-$2D$扭曲多重态在具有双重$SU(2)$调和变量集的调和超空间中的作用出发，给出了它的推广，它提供了一类具有扭曲和非对易左、右复结构的$(4,4)$西格玛模型的离壳描述.构造的作用的显着特点是：（i）一个nonabelian和一般非线性规范不变性，确保正确的物理自由度的数量;（ii）一个无限的塔辅助领域。对于一类特殊的模型，我们明确证明了玻色子目标上复杂结构的非交换性。
Extensions to the Standard Model that use strictly off-shell degrees of freedom - the fakeons - allow for new measurable interactions at energy scales usually precluded by the constraints that target the on-shell propagation of new particles. Here we employ the interactions between a new fake scalar doublet and the muon to explain the recent Fermilab measurement of its anomalous magnetic moment. Remarkably, unlike in the case of usual particles, the experimental result can be matched for fakeon masses below the electroweak scale without contradicting the stringent precision data and collider b…
We outline a program for obtaining an action principle for dissipative fluid dynamics by considering the holographic Wilsonian renormalization group applied to systems with a gravity dual. As a first step, in this paper we restrict to systems with a non-dissipative horizon. By integrating out gapped degrees of freedom in the bulk gravitational system between an asymptotic boundary and a horizon, we are led to a formulation of hydrodynamics where the dynamical variables are not standard velocity and temperature fields, but the relative embedding of the boundary and horizon hypersurfaces. At zer…
We introduce a finite off-shell hypermultiplet with no off-shell central charge. This requires 192+192 degrees of freedom, all but 8+8 of which are auxiliary or gauge. In the absence of supergravity, the model has a saddle-point vacuum instability implying ghost-like propagators. These are cured by realizing the model superconformally, such that the erstwhile ghosts are realized as compensators. Gauge fixing these links the physical hypermultiplets to supergravity. This evokes the prospect of realizing ${\cal N}=4$ Super Yang-Mills theory off-shell.
In generic particle physics models, the inflaton field is coupled to other bosonic and fermionic fields that acquire large masses during inflation and may decay into light degrees of freedom. This leads to dissipative effects that modify the inflationary dynamics and may generate a nearly-thermal radiation bath, such that inflation occurs in a warm rather than supercooled environment. In this work, we perform a numerical computation and obtain expressions for the associated dissipation coefficient in supersymmetric models, focusing on the regime where the radiation temperature is below the hea…
D=4, N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory has an off-shell superspace formulation in terms of pure spinor superfields, which is directly inherited from the D=10 theory. That superspace, in particular the choice of pure spinor variables, is less suitable for dealing with fields that are inherently 4-dimensional, such as the superfields based on the scalars, which are gauge-covariant, and traces of powers of scalars, which are gauge-invariant. We give a reformulation of D=4, N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory in N=4 superspace, using inherently 4-dimensional pure spinors. All local degrees of freedom reside in …
The Off-Shell Black Hole
引力场的标准（欧几里德）作用量原理意味着，对于具有黑洞拓扑的时空，视界的张开角和视界面积是正则共轭的。结果表明，张角与视界面积的关系与时间间隔与无穷远处质量的关系相同。波函数对这个新的自由度的依赖性由扩展的Wheeler-DeWitt方程控制。对所有视界面积求和就得到了黑洞熵。
(Abridged Abstract) This paper deals with a number of technical achievements that are instrumental for a dis-solution of the so-called {\it Hole Argument} in general relativity. The work is carried through in metric gravity for the class of Christoudoulou-Klainermann space-times, in which the temporal evolution is ruled by the {\it weak} ADM energy. The main results of the investigation are the following: 1) A re-interpretation of {\it active} diffeomorphisms as {\it passive and metric-dependent} dynamical symmetries of Einstein's equations, a re-interpretation that discloses their (up to now …
Off-shell (4,4) supersymmetric sigma models with torsion in harmonic superspace
在含有双组$SU(2)$调和变量的调和超空间中，我们给出了一类具有挠率和交换与非交换左、右复结构的$(4,4)$-$2D$西格玛模型的显式超对称离壳公式.相关超场作用量的显著特征是：（i）一般而言，非阿贝尔和非线性规范不变性确保了物理自由度的正确数量;（ii）辅助场的无限塔。该作用量是通过施加可积性条件从最一般的作用量推导出来的，该可积性条件是由左和右保持解析性的调和导数的可交换性得出的。对于一类特殊的模型，我们明确证明了玻色子目标上复杂结构的非交换性。
The complete set of (field) equations for shells of arbitrary, even changing, causal character are derived in arbitrary dimension. New equations that seem to have never been considered in the literature emerge, even in the traditional cases of everywhere non-null, or everywhere null, shells. In the latter case there arise field equations for some degrees of freedom encoded exclusively in the distributional part of the Weyl tensor. For non-null shells the standard Israel equations are recovered but not only, the additional relations containing also relevant information. The results are applicab…
We show that large gauge transformations in asymptotically flat spacetime can be implemented by sandwiching a shell containing the ingoing hard particles between two finite-width shells of soft gauge excitations. Integration of the graviton Dirac bracket implies that our observable soft degrees of freedom obey the algebra imposed by Strominger on unobservable boundary degrees of freedom. Thus, we provide both a derivation and an observable realization of this algebra. The conservation laws associated with asymptotic symmetries are seen to arise physically from free propagation of infrared mode…
Complex Mass Shells for Coloured quarks and their Asymptotic Confinement
本文延续前期工作，引入Z3对称覆盖洛伦兹群描述夸克场，提出用Z3分次Lee-Wick型场描述夸克颜色三重态，其中两个具有共轭复数质量，导致渐近区域解消失，体现夸克禁闭。
On the Degrees of Freedom of $R^2$ Gravity in Flat Spacetime
本文用Stueckelberg重写和直接考察度规微扰两种方法研究平直时空中$R^2$引力的自由度，发现纯理论无自由度，并证明完整与纯理论的表观不连续性仅为微扰假象。
A new description of free massless superfields of arbitrary superspin $Y$ ($Y>1/2$) is proposed. Following the first-order philosophy, we relax some of the properties (reality, gauge redundancy) of the unconstrained higher spin prepotentials and we construct first and half order invariants quantities. These are used to write trivially invariant actions. Additional auxiliary superfields that play the role of spin connections are used to enforce a new local symmetry that restores the degrees of freedom.
Supersymmetry does not dictate the way we should quantize the fields in the supermultiplets, and so we have the freedom to quantize the Standard Model (SM) particles and their superpartners differently. We propose a generalized quantization scheme under which a particle can only appear off-shell, while its contributions to quantum corrections are exactly the same as those in the usual quantum field theory. We apply this quantization scheme solely to the sparticles in the $R$-parity preserving Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). Thus sparticles can only appear off-shell. They could be…
We describe an infinite-parametric class of effective metric Lagrangians that arise from an underlying theory with two propagating degrees of freedom. The Lagrangians start with the Einstein-Hilbert term, continue with the standard R^2, (Ricci)^2 terms, and in the next order contain (Riemann)^3 as well as on-shell vanishing terms. This is exactly the structure of the effective metric Lagrangian that renormalizes quantum gravity divergences at two-loops. This shows that the theory underlying the effective field theory of gravity may have no more degrees of freedom than is already contained in g…
We show, by numerical calculations, that there exist three-types of stationary and spherically symmetric nontopological soliton solutions (NTS-balls) with large sizes in the coupled system consisting of a complex matter scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes spontaneously symmetry breaking. Under the assumption of symmetries, the coupled system reduces to a dynamical system with three degrees of freedoms governed by an effective action. The effective potential in the action has stationary points. The NTS-balls with large sizes are described by bounce sol…
To understand the underlying degrees of freedom, near horizon symmetry analysis of a black has gain significant interest in the recent past. In this paper we generalized those analysis first by taking into account a generic null surface carrying $U(1)$ electromagnetic charge. With the appropriate boundary conditions near the surface under study, we identified the symmetry algebra among the subset of diffeomporphism and gauge generators which preserve the metric of the null surface and the form of the gauge field configuration. With the knowledge of those symmetries we further derived the algeb…
The eliminative view of gauge degrees of freedom -- the view that they arise solely from descriptive redundancy and are therefore eliminable from the theory -- is a lively topic of debate in the philosophy of physics. Recent work attempts to leverage properties of the QCD $θ_{\text{YM}}$-term to provide a novel argument against the eliminative view. The argument is based on the claim that the QCD $θ_{\text{YM}}$-term changes under "large" gauge transformations. Here we review geometrical propositions about fiber bundles that unequivocally falsify these claims: the $θ_{\text{ YM}}$-term encodes…
We consider a collapsing relativistic spherical shell for a free quantum field. Once the center of the wavefunction of the shell passes a certain radius R, the degrees of freedom inside R are traced over. We show that an observer outside this region will determine that the evolution of the system is nonunitary. We argue that this phenomenon is generic to entangled systems, and discuss a possible relation to black hole physics.
Reducible first-class constraints, gauge symmetry, and the degrees of freedom of three-dimensional gravity coupled to topological matter
本文发展了三维时空内引力拓扑物质系统的系统哈密顿 formulation，耦合标量规范场和二型 antisymmetric 规范场到爱因斯坦-卡坦引力，通过 Dirac-Bergmann 分析确定约束结构，计算泊松括号代数，并展示哈密顿生成元的显式表达。
扫码添加微信好友，提出您的宝贵建议 👇
💡 备注请填写：网站反馈
发表机构由 AI 从论文文本抽取，如发现错误，欢迎反馈修正建议。