我们分别应用傅里叶局部相关跟踪（FLCT）和微分仿射速度估计（DAVE）方法对1996-1998年46个活动区（AR）的2708对SOHO/MDI磁图进行了估计，每个AR在距盘中心45 °以内的时间间隔t45内，具有标称96分钟的节奏和~2”像素。对于每个磁图对，我们计算平均估计径向磁场B;并且每个跟踪方法产生独立估计的流场u。然后，我们定量地描述了这些磁场和流场计算的几个广泛的和密集的属性;广泛的属性规模与AR大小，而密集的属性不直接依赖于AR大小。强流特性包括速度矩、水平发散和径向旋度;扩展流特性包括每个AR上这些特性的总和，以及理想坡印廷通量的粗略代用品，即总|u| B ^[2]。还计算了几个磁量，包括：总无符号磁通量;强场极性反转线附近的无符号磁通量R;以及总B^2。接下来，使用相关性和判别分析，我们调查了这些属性和耀斑的GOES耀斑目录之间的关联，平均超过t45和更短的时间窗口，6和24小时。我们发现R和总|u| B^2与耀斑的关联最强;没有强流性质与耀斑有强关联。
英文摘要：
We estimated photospheric velocities by separately applying the Fourier Local Correlation Tracking (FLCT) and Differential Affine Velocity Estimator (DAVE) methods to 2708 co-registered pairs of SOHO/MDI magnetograms, with nominal 96-minute cadence and ~2" pixels, from 46 active regions (ARs) from 1996-1998 over the time interval t45 when each AR was within 45^o of disk center. For each magnetogram pair, we computed the average estimated radial magnetic field, B; and each tracking method produced an independently estimated flow field, u. We then quantitatively characterized these magnetic and flow fields by computing several extensive and intensive properties of each; extensive properties scale with AR size, while intensive properties do not depend directly on AR size. Intensive flow properties included moments of speeds, horizontal divergences, and radial curls; extensive flow properties included sums of these properties over each AR, and a crude proxy for the ideal Poynting flux, the total |u| B^2. Several magnetic quantities were also computed, including: total unsigned flux; a measure of the amount of unsigned flux near strong-field polarity inversion lines, R; and the total B^2. Next, using correlation and discriminant analysis, we investigated the associations between these properties and flares from the GOES flare catalog, when averaged over both t45 and shorter time windows, of 6 and 24 hours. We found R and total |u| B^2 to be most strongly associated with flares; no intensive flow properties were strongly associated with flares.
Flares produce sudden and permanent changes in the horizontal photospheric magnetic field. In particular flares generally produce increased magnetic shear in the photospheric field along the neutral line. Recent observations show also that flares can produce sudden photospheric motion. We present a model for the observed changes as the response of the photosphere to a large-amplitude shear Alfvén wave propagating down from the corona on either side of the neutral line. The Alfvénic front is assumed to impact the photosphere close to the neutral line first, and then successively further away wi…
The X9.3 flare of September 6, 2017, was the most powerful flare of Solar Cycle 24. It generated strong white-light emission and multiple helioseismic waves (sunquakes). By using data from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) as well as hard X-ray data from KONUS instrument onboard WIND spacecraft, and Anti-Coincidence System (ACS) onboard the INTERGRAL space observatory, we investigate spatio-temporal dynamics of photospheric emission sources, identify sources of helioseismic waves and compare the flare photospheric dynamics with the hard X-ray (…
We present radiative hydrodynamic simulations of solar flares generated by the RADYN and RH codes to study the perturbations induced in photospheric Fe I lines by electron beam heating. We investigate how variations in the beam parameters result in discernible differences in the induced photospheric velocities. Line synthesis revealed a significant chromospheric contribution to the line profiles resulting in an apparent red asymmetry by as much as 40 m/s close to the time of maximum beam heating which was not reflective of the upflow velocities that arose from the radiative hydrodynamic simula…
This work is a continuation of Paper I [Sharykin et al., 2018] devoted to analysis of nonthermal electron dynamics and plasma heating in the confined M1.2 class solar flare SOL2015-03-15T22:43 revealing energy release in the highly sheared interacting magnetic loops in the low corona, above the polarity inversion line (PIL). The scope of the present work is to make the first extensive quantitative analysis of the photospheric magnetic field and photospheric vertical electric current (PVEC) dynamics in the confined flare region near the PIL using new vector magnetograms obtained with the Helios…
Sudden Photospheric Motion and Sunspot Rotation Associated with the X2.2 Flare on 2011 February 15
日震和磁成像仪提供45秒的节奏强度图像和720秒的节奏矢量磁图。这些前所未有的高节奏和高分辨率数据为我们提供了一个独特的机会来研究与耀斑相关的光球流和太阳黑子旋转的变化。分别采用微分仿射速度估计方法和傅立叶局部相关跟踪方法，计算了2011年2月15日NOAA AR 11158耀斑期间光球流的速度和涡度，并研究了X2. 2耀斑前后光球流的时间演化.结果表明，在耀斑的脉冲阶段，耀斑磁极性反转线附近的剪切流突然减小，两个主黑子的自转运动都发生了突变。这些结果在Hudson等人（2008）和Fisher等人（2012）提出的洛伦兹力变化的背景下进行了讨论。这一机制可以解释光球矢量磁场的快速不可逆变化与观测到的耀斑短期运动之间的联系。特别地，由水平洛伦兹力变化提供的扭矩与所测量的角加速度所需的一致。
The photospheric response to solar flares, also known as coronal back reaction, is often observed as sudden flare-induced changes in vector magnetic field and sunspot motions. However, it remains obscure whether evolving flare ribbons, the flare signature closest to the photosphere, are accompanied by changes in vector magnetic field therein. Here we explore the relationship between the dynamics of flare ribbons in the chromosphere and variations of magnetic fields in the underlying photosphere, using high-resolution off-band H-alpha images and near-infrared vector magnetograms of the M6.5 fla…
Analysis of sudden variations in photospheric magnetic fields during a large flare and their influences in the solar atmosphere
2013年4月11日，太阳活动区NOAA 11719产生了一个巨大的双带耀斑。利用太阳动力学天文台（SDO）日震磁象仪（HMI）在Fe I 6173埃谱线上获得的磁象图，研究了耀斑期间活动区光球磁场的突然变化。HMI的视线磁图的分析表明，突然和持续的磁场变化在不同的位置的活动区的耀斑爆发前和耀斑期间。HMI提供的矢量磁场观测结果也显示了这些位置的总磁场强度及其倾角的一致变化。利用从HMI获得的同步多普勒图，我们观察到扰动的光球多普勒信号的磁场在上述位置的突然变化。这些速度信号的功率谱分析表明，在耀斑期间，这些受影响的位置相比，耀斑前的条件下，增强的声功率。伴随着这些观测，我们还使用了全球振荡网络组（GONG）在谱线H-α 6562.8埃获得的近同步色球观测，以研究耀斑带的演化和活动区的强度振荡。在上述位置的耀斑期间，H-α强度振荡也显示出增强的振荡功率。这些结果表明，与磁场突变相关的瞬态洛伦兹力可以驱动局域光球和色球振荡，类似于耀斑引起的太阳大气振荡。
Solar active regions (ARs) that produce major flares typically exhibit strong plasma shear flows around photospheric magnetic polarity inversion lines (MPILs). It is therefore important to quantitatively measure such photospheric shear flows in ARs for a better understanding of their relation to flare occurrence. Photospheric flow fields were determined by applying the Differential Affine Velocity Estimator for Vector Magnetograms (DAVE4VM) method to a large data set of 2,548 co-aligned pairs of AR vector magnetograms with 12-min separation over the period 2012-2016. From each AR flow-field ma…
Magnetic and dynamical photospheric disturbances observed during an M3.2 solar flare
这封信报告了一组全斯托克斯光谱偏振观测在近红外He I 10830 A光谱区，涵盖前，耀斑，和耀斑后阶段的M3.2类太阳耀斑。该耀斑起源于2013年5月17日，属于活动区NOAA 11748。我们在耀斑中探测到强烈的He I 10830 A辐射。He I三重态的红色分量的峰值与连续谱的强度比约为1.86。在耀斑期间，He I Stokes V比通常较大的Si I Stokes V剖面大得多，并且出现反转。四个Stokes剖面的光球Si I反演揭示了以下几个方面：（1）耀斑相期间光球中的磁场强度比耀斑前相减小甚至消失。然而，这种下降并不是永久性的。在耀斑之后，磁场在短时间内恢复其耀斑前的配置（即，在耀斑后30分钟内）。(2)在光球中，在耀斑爆发之前，视线速度表现出规则的颗粒状向上和向下流动模式。在耀斑期间，上升气流（蓝移）控制着耀斑产生的区域。已分别推导出深光球层和高光球层中~ $10^{-3}$和~ $10^{-4}$ g cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$的蒸发率，它们能在大约400秒内使色球层密度增加两倍。
The Magnetic Field of Active Region 11158 During the 2011 February 12-17 Flares : Differences between Photospheric Extrapolation and Coronal Forward-Fitting Methods
A solar active region (AR) that produces at least one M- or X-class major flare tends to produce multiple flares during its passage across the solar disk. It will be interesting if we can estimate how flare-productive a given major flaring AR is for a time interval of several days, by investigating time series of its photospheric magnetic field properties. For this, we studied 93 major flaring ARs observed from 2010 to 2016 by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). More specifically, for each AR under study, the mean and fluctuation were calcu…
First Flare-related Rapid Change of Photospheric Magnetic Field Observed by Solar Dynamics Observatory
光球磁场不仅在积累自由能和触发太阳爆发方面起着重要作用，而且被观测到会随着日冕瞬变引起的日冕磁场重构而发生快速而持久的变化。新发射的太阳动力学天文台（SDO）上的日震和磁成像仪（HMI）以一贯的高分辨率和高节奏产生无视全磁盘矢量磁图，这最终使得对这一重要的反反应过程进行明确和全面的研究成为可能。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个近盘中心，GOES级X2.2耀斑发生在NOAA AR 11158在2011年2月15日使用的磁场测量HMI。我们获得了第一个坚实的证据，增强横向磁场在耀斑磁极性反转线（PIL）的幅度为70%。这种快速和不可逆的场演化与耀斑的发生有明确的联系，增强区位于两个色球耀斑带之间。SDO观测到的另外两次主要耀斑事件也有类似的发现。这些结果强有力地证实了我们先前的建议，光球磁场附近的PIL必须变得更加水平后爆发。随后将进行深入研究，进一步将光球磁场变化与日冕物质抛射的动态联系起来，届时将进行全斯托克斯反演，以生成准确的磁场矢量。
Response of the Photospheric Magnetic Field to the X2.2 Flare on 2011 February 15
众所周知，光球磁场的长期演化在积累自由能为太阳爆发提供动力方面起着重要作用。观测结果尽管存在争议，但也揭示了爆发期间光球磁场的快速和永久变化，以响应日冕磁场的重组。新发射的太阳动力学天文台（SDO）上的日震和磁成像仪（HMI）以一贯的高分辨率和高节奏产生无视全磁盘矢量磁图，这最终使得对这一重要的反反应过程进行明确和全面的研究成为可能。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个近盘中心，GOES级X2.2耀斑，发生在NOAA AR 11158在2011年2月15日。使用HMI进行的磁场测量，我们获得了第一个确凿的证据，表明在耀斑磁极性反转线（PIL）处的水平磁场中出现了快速（约30分钟）和不可逆的增强，幅度约为30%。结果还表明，光球场变得更加剪切和倾斜。这个领域的演变是明确相关的耀斑发生在这个S形活动区，与增强区位于两个色球耀斑带和初始共轭硬X射线脚点之间。这些结果有力地证实了我们先前的推测，即PIL附近的光球磁场在爆发后一定会变得更加水平，这可能与系绳切割重联导致的新形成的低磁场有关。
Time series of photospheric magnetic parameters of solar active regions (ARs) are used to answer whether scaling properties of fluctuations embedded in such time series help to distinguish between flare-quiet and flaring ARs. We examine a total of 118 flare-quiet and 118 flaring AR patches (called HARPs), which were observed from 2010 to 2016 by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Specifically, the scaling exponent of fluctuations is derived applying the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) method to a dataset of 8-day time series of 18 pho…
The evolution of photospheric flow and magnetic fields before and after flares can provide important information regarding the flare triggering and back reaction processes. However, such studies on the flow field are rare due to the paucity of high-resolution observations covering the entire flaring period. Here we study the structural evolution of penumbra and shear flows associated with the 2015 June 22 M6.5 flare in NOAA AR 12371, using high-resolution imaging observation in the TiO band taken by the 1.6~m Goode Solar Telescope at Big Bear Solar Observatory, with the aid of the differential…
Abrupt and permanent changes of photospheric magnetic fields have been observed during solar flares. The changes seem to be linked to the reconfiguration of magnetic fields, but their origin is still unclear. We carried out a statistical analysis of permanent line-of-sight magnetic field ($B_{\rm LOS}$) changes during 18 X-, 37 M-, 19 C- and 1 B-class flares using data from Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. We investigated the properties of permanent changes, such as frequency, areas, and locations. We detected changes of $B_{\rm LOS}$ in 59/75 flares. We find that s…
We present a combined analysis of the applications of the weighted horizontal magnetic gradient (denoted as WG_M in Korsos et al., ApJ, 802, L21, 2015) method and the magnetic helicity tool (Berger & Field, JFM, 147, 133, 1984) employed for three active regions (ARs), namely NOAA AR11261, AR11283 and AR11429. All three active regions produced series flares and CMEs. We followed the evolution of the components of the WG_M and the magnetic helicity before the flare and CME occurrences. We found an unique and mutually shared behavior, called the U-shaped pattern, of the weighted distance componen…
As one of the most violent eruptions on the Sun, flares are believed to be powered by magnetic reconnection. The fundamental physics involving the release, transfer and deposition of energy have been studied extensively. Taking advantage of the unprecedented resolution provided by the 1.6-m Goode Solar Telescope, here we show a sudden rotation of vector magnetic fields, about 12$^{\circ}$-20$^{\circ}$ counterclockwise, associated with a flare. Unlike the permanent changes reported previously, the azimuth-angle change is transient and co-spatial/temporal with H$α$ emission. The measured azimuth…
There are still debates whether particle acceleration in solar flares may occur due to interruption of electric currents flowing along magnetic loops. To contribute to this problem, we performed the first statistical study of relationships between flare hard X-ray (HXR; $50-100$ keV) sources observed by the \textit{Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager} (RHESSI) and photospheric vertical electric currents (PVECs, $j_{r}$) calculated using vector magnetograms obtained with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on-board the \textit{Solar Dynamics Observatory} (SDO). A sample of 48 f…
Flare-induced changes of the photospheric magnetic field in a $δ$-spot deduced from ground-based observations
目的：据报道，起源于活动区NOAA 11865的$δ$黑子的M级耀斑的光球层中的磁场和视线速度的变化。研究方法：2013年10月15日，在特内里费岛的真空塔望远镜（VTT）上，利用特内里费岛红外偏振仪同时获得了两条光球谱线Fe I 10783和Si I 10786的高分辨率地基近红外光谱偏振观测。观测涵盖了M级耀斑的几个阶段。对这两条线的全斯托克斯矢量进行了反演，并使用太阳动力学天文台（SDO）的（极端）紫外线过滤图将结果纳入背景。结果：活动区在整个观测期内均表现出较高的耀斑活动。在M级耀斑之后，沿极性反转线（PIL）的纵向磁场没有表现出明显的变化。然而，一个约550 G的横向磁场的增强被发现，桥接PIL和连接在$δ$ -点的相反极性的本影。与此同时，SDO上的大气成像组件（AIA）的171张滤光片显示，日冕中出现了一个新形成的环系统。然而，我们不能排除本影之间的磁连接在M级耀斑之前就已经存在于高层大气中，并且只有在它充满热等离子体之后才变得可见。光球多普勒速度显示出持续的上升流模式沿PIL没有显着的变化，由于耀斑。结论：耀斑后磁场横向分量的增加以及日冕中新形成的环系统支持了最近对耀斑模型和耀斑观测的预测。
Photospheric horizontal magnetic field decrease preceding a major solar eruption
Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学大气科学学院行星环境与天体生物学研究实验室）；CAS center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology（中国科学院比较行星学卓越中心）；Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education（中山大学热带海洋-大气系统教育部重点实验室）
Rapid increase of horizontal magnetic field ($B_h$) around the flaring polarity inversion line is the most prominent photospheric field change during flares. It is considered to be caused by the contraction of flare loops, the details behind which is still not fully understood. Here we investigate the $B_h$-increase in 35 major flares using HMI high-cadence vector magnetograms. We find that $B_h$-increase is always accompanied by the increase of field inclination. It usually initiates near the flare ribbons, showing step-like change in between the ribbons. In particular, its evolution in early…
Solar active regions contain electric currents. Information on the distribution of currents is important for understanding the processes of energy release on the surface of the Sun and in the overlying layers. The paper presents an analysis of the probability density function (PDF) of the absolute value of the photospheric vertical electric current density ($|j_z|$) in 48 active regions before and after flares in 2010--2017. Calculation of $|j_z|$ is performed by applying the differential form of Ampere's circuital law to photospheric vector magnetograms obtained from observations of the Helio…
Context: Many previous studies have shown that the magnetic precursor of a coronal mass ejection (CME) takes the form of a magnetic flux rope, and a subset of them have become known as `hot flux ropes' due to their emission signatures in $\sim$10 MK plasma. Aims: We seek to identify the processes by which these hot flux ropes form, with a view of developing our understanding of CMEs and thereby improving space weather forecasts. Methods: Extreme-ultraviolet observations were used to identify five pre-eruptive hot flux ropes in the solar corona and study how they evolved. Confined flares were o…
Photospheric Lorentz force changes in eruptive and confined solar flares
Indian Institute of Astrophysics（印度天体物理研究所）；Joint Astronomy Programme and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science（印度科学学院天文联合项目与物理系）；University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）；Udaipur Solar Observatory, Physical Research Laboratory（乌代布尔太阳观测站，物理研究实验室）
The abrupt and permanent changes of photospheric magnetic field in the localized regions of active regions during solar flares called magnetic imprints (MIs), have been observed for the past nearly three decades. The well known "coronal implosion" model is assumed to explain such flare associated changes but the complete physical understanding is still missing and debatable. In this study, we made a systematic analysis of flare-related changes of photospheric magnetic field during 21 flares (14 eruptive and 7 non-eruptive) using the high-cadence (\texttt{135s}) vector-magnetogram data obtained…
