We introduce a family of states, the fPEPS, which describes fermionic systems on lattices in arbitrary spatial dimensions. It constitutes the natural extension of another family of states, the PEPS, which efficiently approximate ground and thermal states of spin systems with short-range interactions. We give an explicit mapping between those families, which allows us to extend previous simulation methods to fermionic systems. We also show that fPEPS naturally arise as exact ground states of certain fermionic Hamiltonians. We give an example of such a Hamiltonian, exhibiting criticality while obeying an area law.
We have studied the system of hard-core bosons on a 2-D optical lattice using a variational algorithm based on projected entangled-pair states (PEPS). We have investigated the ground state properties of the system as well as the responses of the system to sudden changes in the parameters. We have compared our results to mean field results based on a Gutzwiller ansatz.
We present calculations of the time-evolution of the driven-dissipative XYZ model using the infinite Projected Entangled Pair Operator (iPEPO) method, introduced by [A. Kshetrimayum, H. Weimer and R. Orús, Nat. Commun. 8, 1291 (2017)]. We explore the conditions under which this approach reaches a steady state. In particular, we study the conditions where apparently converged calculations may become unstable with increasing bond dimension of the tensor-network ansatz. We discuss how more reliable results could be obtained.
In this paper we have firstly recapped some evolutionary debates on conceptual quantum information matters, followed by an experiment done by Lamei-Rashti and his collaborator, by which the bell inequality on p-p scattering is violated. We then, by using the goal of his experiment, thought to arrange POVM formalism for a possible teleportation of two particle states, via nuclear magnetic spin of four entangled hydrogen like atoms.
Recently it has been shown that projected entangled-pair states can be considered as a (physically motivated) resource state for measurement-based quantum computation. Here we elaborate on how to construct a deterministic measurement-based quantum computation model on projected entangled-pair states. In particular, we use this scheme to build a 4-level many-body model for universal quantum computation on qubits. We also derive a 3-local parent Hamiltonian for this model, whose ground state is non-degenerate.
We present and implement an efficient variational method to simulate two-dimensional finite size fermionic quantum systems by fermionic projected entangled pair states. The approach differs from the original one due to the fact that there is no need for an extra string-bond for contracting the tensor network. The method is tested on a bi-linear fermionic model on a square lattice for sizes up to ten by ten where good relative accuracy is achieved. Qualitatively good results are also obtained for an interacting fermionic system.
We investigate the physics of projected d-wave pairing states using their fermionic projected entangled pair state (fPEPS) representation. First, we approximate a d-wave Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer state using the Gaussian fPEPS. Next, we translate the resulting state into fPEPS tensors and implement the Gutzwiller projection which removes double occupancy by modifying the local tensor elements. The tensor network representation of the projected d-wave pairing state allows us to evaluate physical quantities in the thermodynamic limit without employing the Gutzwiller approximation. Despite having…
Simulating one hundred entangled atoms using projected-interacting full configuration interaction wavefunctions corrected by projected density functionals
We consider the simplest identical-fermion system that exhibits the phenomenon of entanglement (beyond exchange correlations) to analyze its speed of evolution towards an orthogonal state, and revisit the relation between this latter and the amount of fermionic entanglement. A characterization of the quantum speed limit and the orthogonality times is performed, throwing light into the general structure of the faster and the slower states. Such characterization holds not only for fermionic composites, but apply more generally to a wide family of 6-dimensional states, irrespective of the specifi…
This article reviews recent developments in the theoretical understanding and the numerical implementation of variational renormalization group methods using matrix product states and projected entangled pair states.
In this paper we investigate the entanglement of multi-qubit fermionic coherent states described by anticommutative Grassmann numbers. Choosing an appropriate weight function, we show that it is possible to construct some entangled pure states, consisting of {\bf{GHZ}}, {\bf{W}}, Bell and biseparable states, by tensor product of fermion coherent states. Moreover a comparison with maximal entangled bosonic coherent states is presented and it is shown that in some cases they have fermionic counterpart which are maximal entangled after integration with suitable weight functions.
We introduce plaquette projected entangled-pair states, a class of states in a lattice that can be generated by applying sequential unitaries acting on plaquettes of overlapping regions. They satisfy area-law entanglement, possess long-range correlations, and naturally generalize other relevant classes of tensor network states. We identify a subclass that can be more efficiently prepared in a radial fashion and that contains the family of isometric tensor network states [M. P. Zaletel and F. Pollmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 037201 (2020)]. We also show how this subclass can be efficiently prepa…
We argue and demonstrate that projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) outperform matrix product states significantly for the task of generative modeling of datasets with an intrinsic two-dimensional structure such as images. Our approach builds on a recently introduced algorithm for sampling PEPS, which allows for the efficient optimization and sampling of the distributions.
We show that projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) can describe chiral topologically ordered phases. For that, we construct a simple PEPS for spin-1/2 particles in a two-dimensional lattice. We reveal a symmetry in the local projector of the PEPS that gives rise to the global topological character. We also extract characteristic quantities of the edge conformal field theory using the bulk-boundary correspondence.
We introduce a spin-orbital entangled (SOE) resonating valence bond (RVB) state on a square lattice of spins-$\frac12$ and orbitals represented by pseudospins-$\frac12$. Like the standard RVB state, it is a superposition of nearest-neighbor hard-core coverings of the lattice by spin singlets, but adjacent singlets are favoured to have perpendicular orientations and, more importantly, an orientation of each singlet is entangled with orbitals' state on its two lattice sites. The SOE-RVB state can be represented by a projected entangled pair state (PEPS) with a bond dimension $D=4$. This represen…
An algorithm for imaginary time evolution of a fermionic projected entangled pair state (PEPS) with ancillas from infinite temperature down to a finite temperature state is presented. As a benchmark application, it is applied to spinless fermions hopping on a square lattice subject to $p$-wave pairing interactions. With a tiny bias it allows to evolve the system across a high-temperature continuous symmetry-breaking phase transition.
We develop and benchmark a technique for simulating excitation spectra of generic two-dimensional quantum lattice systems using the framework of projected entangled-pair states (PEPS). The technique relies on a variational ansatz for capturing quasiparticle excitations on top of a PEPS ground state. Our method perfectly captures the quasiparticle dispersion relation of the square-lattice transverse-field Ising model, and reproduces the spin-wave velocity and the spin-wave anomaly in the square-lattice Heisenberg model with high precision.
Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) are used in practice as an efficient parametrization of the set of ground states of quantum many body systems. The aim of this paper is to present, for a broad mathematical audience, some mathematical questions about PEPS.
The projected entangled pair state (PEPS) ansatz can represent a thermal state in a strongly correlated system. We introduce a novel variational algorithm to optimize this tensor network. Since full tensor environment is taken into account, then with increasing bond dimension the optimized PEPS becomes the exact Gibbs state. Our presentation opens with a 1D version for a matrix product state (MPS) and then generalizes to PEPS in 2D. Benchmark results in the quantum Ising model are presented.
We study fermionic matrix product operator algebras and identify the associated algebraic data. Using this algebraic data we construct fermionic tensor network states in two dimensions that have non-trivial symmetry-protected or intrinsic topological order. The tensor network states allow us to relate physical properties of the topological phases to the underlying algebraic data. We illustrate this by calculating defect properties and modular matrices of supercohomology phases. Our formalism also captures Majorana defects as we show explicitly for a class of $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry-protected a…
A projected entangled pair state (PEPS) with ancillas is evolved in imaginary time. This tensor network represents a thermal state of a 2D lattice quantum system. A finite temperature phase diagram of the 2D quantum Ising model in a transverse field is obtained as a benchmark application.
We study the effects of acceleration on fermionic Gaussian states of localized modes of a Dirac field. We consider two wave-packets in a Gaussian state and transform these to an accelerated frame of reference. In particular, we formulate the action of this transformation as a fermionic quantum channel. Having developed the general framework for fermions, we then investigate the entanglement of the vacuum, as well as the entanglement in Bell states. We find that with increasing acceleration vacuum entanglement increases, while the entanglement of Bell states decreases. Notably, our results have…
Tensor network states are for good reasons believed to capture ground states of gapped local Hamiltonians arising in the condensed matter context, states which are in turn expected to satisfy an entanglement area law. However, the computational hardness of contracting projected entangled pair states in two and higher dimensional systems is often seen as a significant obstacle when devising higher-dimensional variants of the density-matrix renormalisation group method. In this work, we show that for those projected entangled pair states that are expected to provide good approximations of such g…
We introduce a family of tensor network states that we term semi-injective Projected Entangled-Pair States (PEPS). They extend the class of injective PEPS and include other states, like the ground states of the AKLT and the CZX models in square lattices. We construct parent Hamiltonians for which semi-injective PEPS are unique ground states. We also determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for two tensors to generate the same family of such states in two spatial dimensions. Using this result, we show that the third cohomology labeling of Symmetry Protected Topological phases extends t…
We develop a formalism for constructing particle-number-conserving Gaussian fermionic projected entangled pair states [U(1)-GfPEPS] and show that these states can describe ground states of band insulators and gapless fermions with band touching points. When using them as variational Ansätze for two Dirac fermion systems ($π$-flux model on the square lattice and $[0,π]$-flux model on the kagome lattice), we find that the U(1)-GfPEPS, even with a relatively small bond dimension, can accurately approximate the Dirac Fermi sea ground states. By applying Gutzwiller projectors on top of these U(1)-G…
We propose a new class of tensor-network states, which we name projected entangled simplex states (PESS), for studying the ground-state properties of quantum lattice models. These states extend the pair-correlation basis of projected entangled pair states (PEPS) to a simplex. PESS are an exact representation of the simplex solid states and provide an efficient trial wave function that satisfies the area law of entanglement entropy. We introduce a simple update method for evaluating the PESS wave function based on imaginary-time evolution and the higher-order singular-value decomposition of ten…
We propose an efficient algorithm for simulating quantum many-body systems in two spatial dimensions using projected entangled pair states. This is done by approximating the environment, arising in the context of updating tensors in the process of time evolution, using a single-layered tensor network structure. This significantly reduces the computational costs and allows simulations in a larger submanifold of the Hilbert space as bounded by the bond dimension of the tensor network. We present numerical evidence for stability of the method on an antiferromagnetic isotropic Heisenberg model whe…
Tensor network states, and in particular projected entangled pair states (PEPS), suggest an innovative approach for the study of lattice gauge theories, both from a pure theoretic point of view, and as a tool for the analysis of the recent proposals for quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories. In this paper we present a framework for describing locally gauge invariant states on lattices using PEPS. The PEPS constructed hereby shall include both bosonic and fermionic states, suitable for all combinations of matter and gauge fields in lattice gauge theories defined by either finite or comp…
We present a scheme to perform an iterative variational optimization with infinite projected entangled-pair states (iPEPS), a tensor network ansatz for a two-dimensional wave function in the thermodynamic limit, to compute the ground state of a local Hamiltonian. The method is based on a systematic summation of Hamiltonian contributions using the corner transfer-matrix method. Benchmark results for challenging problems are presented, including the 2D Heisenberg model, the Shastry-Sutherland model, and the t-J model, which show that the variational scheme yields considerably more accurate resul…
We introduce a new paradigm for scaling simulations with projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) for critical strongly-correlated systems, allowing for reliable extrapolations of PEPS data with relatively small bond dimensions $D$. The key ingredient consists of using the effective correlation length $χ$ for inducing a collapse of data points, $f(D,χ)=f(ξ(D,χ))$, for arbitrary values of $D$ and the environment bond dimension $χ$. As such we circumvent the need for extrapolations in $χ$ and can use many distinct data points for a fixed value of $D$. Here, we need that the PEPS has been optimized…
We construct parent Hamiltonians involving only local 2-body interactions for a broad class of Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS). Making use of perturbation gadget techniques, we define a perturbative Hamiltonian acting on the virtual PEPS space with a finite order low energy effective Hamiltonian that is a gapped, frustration-free parent Hamiltonian for an encoded version of a desired PEPS. For topologically ordered PEPS, the ground space of the low energy effective Hamiltonian is shown to be in the same phase as the desired state to all orders of perturbation theory. An encoded parent H…
We propose an improved approach to carry out the imaginary time evolution of infinite projected entangled-pair states (iPEPS), especially for systems with criticality. A cyclic optimal truncation is introduced to update the tensors along a closed loop, aiming to remove the redundant internal correlations. We demonstrate the algorithm by considering an elaborate evolution based on simple update on a small plaquette. This scheme can also be applied to a full update strategy. We demonstrate their performances on simulating the ground states of the spin-$1/2$ anti-ferromagnetic Heisenberg model an…
We show that Projected Entangled-Pair States (PEPS) in two spatial dimensions can describe chiral topological states by explicitly constructing a family of such states with a non-trivial Chern number. They are ground states of two different kinds of free-fermion Hamiltonians: (i) local and gapless; (ii) gapped, but with hopping amplitudes that decay according to a power law. We derive general conditions on topological free fermionic PEPS which show that they cannot correspond to exact ground states of gapped, local parent Hamiltonians, and provide numerical evidence demonstrating that they can…
The recently developed stochastic gradient method combined with Monte Carlo sampling techniques [PRB {\bf 95}, 195154 (2017)] offers a low scaling and accurate method to optimize the projected entangled pair states (PEPS). We extended this method to the fermionic PEPS (fPEPS). To simplify the implementation, we introduce a fermi arrow notation to specify the order of the fermion operators in the virtual entangled EPR pairs. By defining some local operation rules associated with the fermi arrows, one can implement fPEPS algorithms very similar to that of standard PEPS. We benchmark the method f…
We develop tangent space methods for projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) that provide direct access to the low-energy sector of strongly-correlated two-dimensional quantum systems. More specifically, we construct a variational ansatz for elementary excitations on top of PEPS ground states that allows for computing gaps, dispersion relations, and spectral weights directly in the thermodynamic limit. Solving the corresponding variational problem requires the evaluation of momentum transformed two-point and three-point correlation functions on a PEPS background, which we can compute efficientl…
Tensor networks, and in particular Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS), are a powerful tool for the study of quantum many body physics, thanks to both their built-in ability of classifying and studying symmetries, and the efficient numerical calculations they allow. In this work, we introduce a way to extend the set of symmetric PEPS in order to include local gauge invariance and investigate lattice gauge theories with fermionic matter. To this purpose, we provide as a case study and first example, the construction of a fermionic PEPS, based on Gaussian schemes, invariant under both global …
The theory of entanglement provides a fundamentally new language for describing interactions and correlations in many body systems. Its vocabulary consists of qubits and entangled pairs, and the syntax is provided by tensor networks. We review how matrix product states and projected entangled pair states describe many-body wavefunctions in terms of local tensors. These tensors express how the entanglement is routed, act as a novel type of non-local order parameter, and we describe how their symmetries are reflections of the global entanglement patterns in the full system. We will discuss how t…
We present a quantum algorithm to prepare injective PEPS on a quantum computer, a class of open tensor networks representing quantum states. The run-time of our algorithm scales polynomially with the inverse of the minimum condition number of the PEPS projectors and, essentially, with the inverse of the spectral gap of the PEPS' parent Hamiltonian.
Matrix Product States (MPS) and Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) are powerful analytical and numerical tools to assess quantum many-body systems in one and higher dimensions, respectively. While MPS are comprehensively understood, in PEPS fundamental questions, relevant analytically as well as numerically, remain open, such as how to encode symmetries in full generality, or how to stabilize numerical methods using canonical forms. Here, we show that these key problems, as well as a number of related questions, are algorithmically undecidable, that is, they cannot be fully resolved in a s…
The norms or expectation values of infinite projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) cannot be computed exactly, and approximation algorithms have to be applied. In the last years, many efficient algorithms have been devised -- the corner transfer matrix renormalization group (CTMRG) and variational uniform matrix product state (VUMPS) algorithm are the most common -- but it remains unclear whether they always lead to the same results. In this paper, we identify a subclass of PEPS for which we can reformulate the contraction as a variational problem that is algorithm independent. We use this var…
We present a conjugate-gradient method for the ground-state optimization of projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) in the thermodynamic limit, as a direct implementation of the variational principle within the PEPS manifold. Our optimization is based on an efficient and accurate evaluation of the gradient of the global energy functional by using effective corner environments, and is robust with respect to the initial starting points. It has the additional advantage that physical and virtual symmetries can be straightforwardly implemented. We provide the tools to compute static structure factor…
We study Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) with continuous virtual symmetries, i.e., symmetries in the virtual degrees of freedom, through an elementary class of models with SU(2) symmetry. Discrete symmetries of that kind have previously allowed for a comprehensive explanation of topological order in the PEPS formalism. We construct local parent Hamiltonians whose ground space with open boundaries is exactly parametrized by the PEPS wavefunction, and show how the ground state can be made unique by a suitable choice of boundary conditions. We also find that these models exhibit a logarith…
Variational optimization of projected entangled-pair states on the triangular lattice
Freie Universität Berlin（柏林自由大学）；Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems（达勒姆复杂量子系统中心）；Institut für Theoretische Physik（理论物理研究所）；Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie（柏林亥姆霍兹材料与能源中心）
We show that two different tensors defining the same translational invariant injective Projected Entangled Pair State (PEPS) in a square lattice must be the same up to a trivial gauge freedom. This allows us to characterize the existence of any local or spatial symmetry in the state. As an application of these results we prove that a SU(2) invariant PEPS with half-integer spin cannot be injective, which can be seen as a Lieb-Shultz-Mattis theorem in this context. We also give the natural generalization for U(1) symmetry in the spirit of Oshikawa-Yamanaka-Affleck, and show that a PEPS with Wils…
Tensor networks are generated by a set of small rank tensors and define many-body quantum states in a succinct form. The corresponding map is not one-to-one: different sets of tensors may generate the very same state. A fundamental question in the study of tensor networks naturally arises: what is then the relation between those sets? The answer to this question in one dimensional setups has found several applications, like the characterization of local and global symmetries, the classification of phases of matter and unitary evolutions, or the determination of the fixed points of renormalizat…
The first photon emission and the disentanglement of a pair of identical bosonic atoms in excited entangled states follow an exponential law. We extend the theory to distinguishable and identical fermionic two-atom systems. As a byproduct of the analysis we determine the symmetries of the fermionic wave function. We also derive the emission distributions of excited atoms in product states, which must take into account the presence of simultaneous detections. Comparing both distributions reveals a direct manifestation of the modifications induced by entanglement on the atomic emission propertie…
We propose an algorithm to convert a projected entangled pair state (PEPS) into a canonical form, analogous to the well-known canonical form of a matrix product state. Our approach is based on a variational gauging ansatz for the QR tensor decomposition of PEPS columns into a matrix product operator and a finite depth circuit of unitaries and isometries. We describe a practical initialization scheme that leads to rapid convergence in the QR optimization. We explore the performance and stability of the variational gauging algorithm in norm calculations for the transverse-field Ising and Heisenb…
We use Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) to study topological quantum phase transitions. The local description of topological order in the PEPS formalism allows us to set up order parameters which measure condensation and deconfinement of anyons, and serve as a substitute for conventional order parameters. We apply these order parameters, together with anyon-anyon correlation functions and some further probes, to characterize topological phases and phase transitions within a family of models based on a $\mathbb Z_4$ symmetry, which contains $\mathbb Z_4$ quantum double, toric code, double…
Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) are a promising ansatz for the study of strongly correlated quantum many-body systems in two dimensions. But due to their high computational cost, developing and improving PEPS algorithms is necessary to make the ansatz widely usable in practice. Here we analyze several algorithmic aspects of the method. On the one hand, we quantify the connection between the correlation length of the PEPS and the accuracy of its approximate contraction, and discuss how purifications can be used in the latter. On the other, we present algorithmic improvements for the upda…
We study the edge physics of gapped quantum systems in the framework of Projected Entangled Pair State (PEPS) models. We show that the effective low-energy model for any region acts on the entanglement degrees of freedom at the boundary, corresponding to physical excitations located at the edge. This allows us to determine the edge Hamiltonian in the vicinity of PEPS models, and we demonstrate that by choosing the appropriate bulk perturbation, the edge Hamiltonian can exhibit a rich phase diagram and phase transitions. While for models in the trivial phase any Hamiltonian can be realized at t…
This is a partly non-technical introduction to selected topics on tensor network methods, based on several lectures and introductory seminars given on the subject. It should be a good place for newcomers to get familiarized with some of the key ideas in the field, specially regarding the numerics. After a very general introduction we motivate the concept of tensor network and provide several examples. We then move on to explain some basics about Matrix Product States (MPS) and Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS). Selected details on some of the associated numerical methods for 1d and 2d qua…
Variational Monte Carlo studies employing projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) have recently shown that they can provide answers on long-standing questions such as the nature of the phases in the two-dimensional $J_1 - J_2$ model. The sampling in these Monte Carlo algorithms is typically performed with Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms employing local update rules, which often suffer from long autocorrelation times and interdependent samples. We propose a sampling algorithm that generates independent samples from a PEPS, bypassing all problems related to finite autocorrelation times. This …
Corner entanglement scaling with projected entangled pair states
Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles（布鲁塞尔自由大学非线性现象与复杂系统中心）；International Solvay Institutes（国际索尔维研究所）；Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics（中国工程物理研究院研究生院）
