In the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy the globular clusters are distributed widely, without any significant central concentration. Oh et al. pointed out that such a distribution is paradoxical: dynamical friction effects estimated using single-component King models would have forced the globular clusters to spiral down to the center of the galaxy well within a Hubble time. This paper is devoted to a discussion of this paradox. We describe a model in which the stars of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy are embedded in a cloud of dark matter, and each of these components is specified by its own phase space distribution function. This model allows us to fit self-consistently the observed luminosity profile and the spatial variation of the velocity dispersion of the stars. This fitting yields two basic parameters, related to the central density and velocity dispersion, that characterize the phase space distribution of dark matter. The dynamical friction effects calculated on the basis of this self-consistent model are small enough that the observed spatial distribution of the globular clusters poses no difficulty, and the apparent paradox is resolved. Thus we have at hand a model for Fornax that reproduces the main observed features of this dwarf spheroidal galaxy.
The aim of the present work is to better understand the gravitational drag forces, i.e. dynamical friction, acting on massive objects moving through a self-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate, also known as a superfluid, at finite temperatures. This is relevant for light scalar models of dark matter with weak self-interactions that require nonzero temperatures, or that have been heated inside galaxies. We derived expressions for dynamical friction using linear perturbation theory, and compared these to numerical simulations in which nonlinear effects are included. After testing the linear res…
We determine three independent Population II distance moduli to the Fornax dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy, using wide-field, ground-based $VI$ imaging acquired with the Magellan-Baade telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. After subtracting foreground stars using Gaia EDR3 proper motions, we measure an $I$-band tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) magnitude of $I_0^\mathrm{TRGB} = 16.753 \pm 0.03_\mathrm{stat} \pm 0.037_\mathrm{sys}$ mag, with a calibration based in the LMC giving a distance modulus of $μ_0^\mathrm{TRGB} = 20.80 \pm 0.037_\mathrm{stat} \pm 0.057_\mathrm{sys}$ mag. We determine a…
We investigate what the orbits of globular clusters (GCs) in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy can teach us about dark matter (DM). This problem was recently studied for ultralight dark matter (ULDM). We consider two additional models: (i) fermionic degenerate dark matter (DDM), where Pauli blocking should be taken into account in the dynamical friction computation; and (ii) self-interacting dark matter (SIDM). We give a simple and direct Fokker-Planck derivation of dynamical friction, new in the case of DDM and reproducing previous results in the literature for ULDM and cold DM. ULDM,…
We re-investigate the Fornax cusp-core problem using observational results on the spatial and mass distributions of globular clusters (GCs) in order to put constraints on the dark matter profile. We model Fornax using high-resolution N-body simulations with entirely live systems, i.e. self-gravitating systems composed of stars and dark matter, which account correctly for dynamical friction and tidal effects between Fornax and the globular clusters. We test two alternative hypotheses, which are a cored and a cuspy halo for Fornax by exploring a reasonable range of initial conditions on globular…
It has long been argued that the radial distribution of globular clusters (GCs) in the Fornax dwarf galaxy requires its dark matter halo to have a core of size $\sim 1$ kpc. We revisit this argument by investigating analogues of Fornax formed in E-MOSAICS, a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation that self-consistently follows the formation and evolution of GCs in the EAGLE galaxy formation model. In EAGLE, Fornax-mass haloes are cuspy and well described by the Navarro-Frenk-White profile. We post-process the E-MOSAICS to account for GC orbital decay by dynamical friction, which is not include…
Fornax is the most massive of the Milky Way dwarf spheroidal galaxies and has five globular clusters orbiting in a dense background of dark matter. Observational analyses suggest that globular clusters were initially much more massive and lost most of their stars to the Fornax field. We re-investigate the Fornax cusp-core problem, to clarify tensions between simulations and observations concerning the dark matter halo density profile. N-body simulations predict a centrally steep power-law density profile, while observations of the globular clusters seem to prefer that the dark matter halo dens…
We apply a flexible parametric model, a combination of generalized Plummer profiles, to infer the shapes of the stellar density profiles of the Milky Way's satellite dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs). We apply this model to 40 dSphs using star counts from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, PanStarrs-1 Survey, Dark Energy Survey, and Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey. Using mock data, we examine systematic errors associated with modelling assumptions and identify conditions under which our model can identify `non-standard' stellar density profiles that have central cusps and/or steepened outer slopes…
Phase Space Models of the Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
介绍了矮球状星系的新相空间模型。恒星成分具有各向同性的、降低的等温（或King）分布函数。恒星速度的各向同性的物理基础是由潮汐搅拌，而等温的分布函数保证所观察到的平坦度的内部部分的速度色散曲线。我们的模型再现的半光半径和视线中心速度色散的dSphs的数据。我们发现，不同的暗晕配置文件-无论是核心或尖-导致非常相似的质量估计在一个特定的半径，即1.7半光半径。由于不同的密度分布造成的质量测量之间的偏差大大小于观测误差所传播的不确定性。我们对每个银河系dSphs都进行了质量测量，发现质量最大的两个dSphs是最明亮的，即人马座（~ 2.8 x 10^8太阳质量）和天炉座（~ 1.3 x 10^8太阳质量）。银河系中质量最小的卫星是威尔曼1号（约4 x 10^5太阳质量）和赛格1号（约6 x 10^5太阳质量）。
The predicted size of dark matter substructures in kilo-parsec scales is model-dependent. Therefore, if the correlations between dark matter mass densities as a function of the distances between them are measured via observations, we can scrutinize dark matter scenarios. In this paper, we present an assessment procedure of dark matter scenarios. First, we use Gaia's data to infer the single-body phase-space density of the stars in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy. The latter, together with the Jeans equation, after eliminating the gravitational potential using the Poisson equation, reveals t…
We present an in-depth exploration of the phenomenon of dynamical friction in a universe where the dark matter is composed entirely of so-called Fuzzy Dark Matter (FDM), ultralight bosons of mass $m\sim\mathcal{O}(10^{-22})\,$eV. We review the classical treatment of dynamical friction before presenting analytic results in the case of FDM for point masses, extended mass distributions, and FDM backgrounds with finite velocity dispersion. We then test these results against a large suite of fully non-linear simulations that allow us to assess the regime of applicability of the analytic results. We…
Constraints on the fuzzy dark matter mass using globular clusters in dwarf galaxies from Euclid ERO data
LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS（巴黎天文台 LIRA 实验室，PSL 大学，索邦大学，巴黎西岱大学，CY 塞吉-蓬图瓦兹大学，法国国家科学研究中心）；Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550（斯特拉斯堡大学，法国国家科学研究中心，斯特拉斯堡天文台）；Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo（东京大学 Kavli 宇宙物理学与数学起源研究所（WPI），UTIAS）；Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona（巴塞罗那大学宇宙科学研究所）
