One of the main questions that arise when studying random and quasi-random structures is which properties P are such that any object that satisfies P "behaves" like a truly random one. In the context of graphs, Chung, Graham, and Wilson call a graph p-quasi-random} if it satisfies a long list of the properties that hold in G(n,p) with high probability, like edge distribution, spectral gap, cut size, and more.
Our main result here is that the following holds for any fixed graph H: if the distribution of induced copies of H in a graph G is close (in a well defined way) to the distribution we would expect to have in G(n,p), then G is either p-quasi-random or p'-quasi-random, where p' is the unique non-trivial solution of a certain polynomial equation. We thus infer that having the correct distribution of induced copies of any single graph H is enough to guarantee that a graph has the properties of a random one. The proof techniques we develop here, which combine probabilistic, algebraic and combinatorial tools, may be of independent interest to the study of quasi-random structures.
Here in particular, we give a characterization of Quasi-line Graphs in terms of forbidden induced subgraphs. In general, we prove a necessary and sufficient condition for a graph to be a union of two cliques.
Let $G$ be a contraction critically quasi $5$-connected graph on at least $14$ vertices. If there is a vertex $x\in V_{4}(G)$ such that $G[N_{G}(x)]\cong K_{1,3}$ or $G[N_{G}(x)]\cong C_{4}$, then $G$ has a quasi $5$-contractible subgraph $H$ such that $0<\|V(H)\|<4$.
We study bipartite graphs partially ordered by the induced subgraph relation. Our goal is to distinguish classes of bipartite graphs which are or are not well-quasi-ordered (wqo) by this relation. Answering an open question from \cite{Ding92}, we prove that $P_7$-free bipartite graphs are not wqo. On the other hand, we show that $P_6$-free bipartite graphs are wqo. We also obtain some partial results on subclasses of bipartite graphs defined by forbidding more than one induced subgraph.
An n-vertex graph is called C-Ramsey if it has no clique or independent set of size C log n. All known constructions of Ramsey graphs involve randomness in an essential way, and there is an ongoing line of research towards showing that in fact all Ramsey graphs must obey certain "richness" properties characteristic of random graphs. Motivated by an old problem of Erdős and McKay, recently Narayanan, Sahasrabudhe and Tomon conjectured that for any fixed C, every n-vertex C-Ramsey graph induces subgraphs of $Θ(n^2)$ different sizes. In this paper we prove this conjecture.
For every fixed graph $H$ and every fixed $0 < α< 1$, we show that if a graph $G$ has the property that all subsets of size $αn$ contain the ``correct'' number of copies of $H$ one would expect to find in the random graph $G(n,p)$ then $G$ behaves like the random graph $G(n,p)$; that is, it is $p$-quasi-random in the sense of Chung, Graham, and Wilson. This solves a conjecture raised by Shapira and solves in a strong sense an open problem of Simonovits and Sós.
An n-vertex graph is called C-Ramsey if it has no clique or independent set of size C log n. All known constructions of Ramsey graphs involve randomness in an essential way, and there is an ongoing line of research towards showing that in fact all Ramsey graphs must obey certain "richness" properties characteristic of random graphs. More than 25 years ago, Erdős, Faudree and Sós conjectured that in any C-Ramsey graph there are $Ω\left(n^{5/2}\right)$ induced subgraphs, no pair of which have the same numbers of vertices and edges. Improving on earlier results of Alon, Balogh, Kostochka and Samo…
Recently, Daligault, Rao and Thomassé asked in [3] if every hereditary class which is well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph relation is of bounded clique-width. There are two reasons why this questions is interesting. First, it connects two seemingly unrelated notions. Second, if the question is answered affirmatively, this will have a strong algorithmic consequence. In particular, this will mean (through the use of Courcelle theorem [2]), that any problem definable in Monadic Second Order Logic can be solved in a polynomial time on any class well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph rel…
Korpelainen, Lozin, and Razgon conjectured that a hereditary property of graphs which is well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph order and defined by only finitely many minimal forbidden induced subgraphs is labelled well-quasi-ordered, a notion stronger than that of $n$-well-quasi-order introduced by Pouzet in the 1970s. We present a counterexample to this conjecture. In fact, we exhibit a hereditary property of graphs which is well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph order and defined by finitely many minimal forbidden induced subgraphs yet is not $2$-well-quasi-ordered. This counterexa…
We study some properties of graphs (or, rather, graph sequences) defined by demanding that the number of subgraphs of a given type, with vertices in subsets of given sizes, approximatively equals the number expected in a random graph. It has been shown by several authors that several such conditions are quasi-random, but that there are exceptions. In order to understand this better, we investigate some new properties of this type. We show that these properties too are quasi-random, at least in some cases; however, there are also cases that are left as open problems, and we discuss why the proo…
Let a_1,...,a_k satisfy a_1+...+a_k=1 and suppose a k-uniform hypergraph on n vertices satisfies the following property; in any partition of its vertices into k sets A_1,...,A_k of sizes a_1*n,...,a_k*n, the number of edges intersecting A_1,...,A_k is the number one would expect to find in a random k-uniform hypergraph. Can we then infer that H is quasi-random? We show that the answer is negative if and only if a_1=...=a_k=1/k. This resolves an open problem raised in 1991 by Chung and Graham [J. AMS '91]. While hypergraphs satisfying the property corresponding to a_1=...=a_k=1/k are not necess…
Quasi-random graphs can be informally described as graphs whose edge distribution closely resembles that of a truly random graph of the same edge density. Recently, Shapira and Yuster proved the following result on quasi-randomness of graphs. Let $k \ge 2$ be a fixed integer, $α_1,...,α_k$ be positive reals satisfying $\sum_{i} α_i = 1$ and $(α_1,..., α_k) \neq (1/k,...,1/k)$, and $G$ be a graph on $n$ vertices. If for every partition of the vertices of $G$ into sets $V_1,..., V_k$ of size $α_1 n,..., α_k n$, the number of complete graphs on $k$ vertices which have exactly one vertex in each o…
The class of quasi-chain graphs is an extension of the well-studied class of chain graphs. This latter class enjoys many nice and important properties, such as bounded clique-width, implicit representation, well-quasi-ordering by induced subgraphs, etc. The class of quasi-chain graphs is substantially more complex. In particular, this class is not well-quasi-ordered by induced subgraphs, and the clique-width is not bounded in it. In the present paper, we show that the universe of quasi-chain graphs is at least as complex as the universe of permutations by establishing a bijection between the c…
Given a directed graph G=(V,E) an independent set A of the vertices V is called quasi-kernel (quasi-sink) iff for each point v there is a path of length at most 2 from some point of A to v (from v to some point of A). Every finite directed graph has a quasi-kernel. The plain generalization for infinite graphs fails, even for tournaments. We investigate the following conjecture here: for any digraph G=(V,E) there is a a partition (V_0,V_1) of the vertex set such that the induced subgraph G[V_0] has a quasi-kernel and the induced subgraph G[V_1] has a quasi-sink.
A graph of order $n>3$ is called {switching separable} if its modulo-2 sum with some complete bipartite graph on the same set of vertices is divided into two mutually independent subgraphs, each having at least two vertices. We prove the following: if removing any one or two vertices of a graph always results in a switching separable subgraph, then the graph itself is switching separable. On the other hand, for every odd order greater than 4, there is a graph that is not switching separable, but removing any vertex always results in a switching separable subgraph. We show a connection with sim…
It is an intriguing question to see what kind of information on the structure of an oriented graph $D$ one can obtain if $D$ does not contain a fixed oriented graph $H$ as a subgraph. The related question in the unoriented case has been an active area of research, and is relatively well-understood in the theory of quasi-random graphs and extremal combinatorics. In this paper, we consider the simplest cases of such a general question for oriented graphs, and provide some results on the global behavior of the orientation of $D$. For the case that $H$ is an oriented four-cycle we prove: in every …
A well-quasi-order is an order which contains no infinite decreasing sequence and no infinite collection of incomparable elements. In this paper, we consider graph classes defined by excluding one graph as contraction. More precisely, we give a complete characterization of graphs H such that the class of H-contraction-free graphs is well-quasi-ordered by the contraction relation. This result is the contraction analogue on the previous dichotomy theorems of Damsaschke [Induced subgraphs and well-quasi-ordering, Journal of Graph Theory, 14(4):427-435, 1990] on the induced subgraph relation, Ding…
A graph $H$ is an induced minor of a graph $G$ if it can be obtained from an induced subgraph of $G$ by contracting edges. Otherwise, $G$ is said to be $H$-induced minor-free. Robin Thomas showed that $K_4$-induced minor-free graphs are well-quasi-ordered by induced minors [Graphs without $K_4$ and well-quasi-ordering, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 38(3):240 -- 247, 1985]. We provide a dichotomy theorem for $H$-induced minor-free graphs and show that the class of $H$-induced minor-free graphs is well-quasi-ordered by the induced minor relation if and only if $H$ is an induced mino…
Daligault, Rao and Thomassé asked whether a hereditary class of graphs well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph relation has bounded clique-width. Lozin, Razgon and Zamaraev recently showed that this is not true for classes defined by infinitely many forbidden induced subgraphs. However, in the case of finitely many forbidden induced subgraphs the question remains open and we conjecture that in this case the answer is positive. The conjecture is known to hold for classes of graphs defined by a single forbidden induced subgraph $H$, as such graphs are well-quasi-ordered and are of bounded cli…
Let $G$ be a simple graph with maximum degree $Δ(G)$. A subgraph $H$ of $G$ is overfull if $|E(H)|>Δ(G)\lfloor |V(H)|/2 \rfloor$. Chetwynd and Hilton in 1985 conjectured that a graph $G$ on $n$ vertices with $Δ(G)>n/3$ has chromatic index $Δ(G)$ if and only if $G$ contains no overfull subgraph. Glock, Kühn and Osthus in 2016 showed that the conjecture is true for dense quasirandom graphs with even order, and they conjectured that the same should hold for such graphs with odd order. In this paper, we show that the conjecture of Glock, Kühn and Osthus is affirmative.
A perfect graph is a graph which every induced subgraph has clique number equal to chromatic number. In this paper, I will introduce a new family of graphs, the quasiperfect graphs which generalizes the perfect graphs.
We use the subgraph replacement method to prove a simple product formula for the tilings of an 8-vertex counterpart of Propp's quasi-hexagons (Problem 16 in New Perspectives in Geometric Combinatorics, Cambridge University Press, 1999), called quasi-octagon.
The well-known regularity lemma of E. Szemerédi for graphs (i.e. 2-uniform hypergraphs) claims that for any graph there exists a vertex partition with the property of quasi-randomness. We give a simple construction of such a partition. It is done just by taking a constant-bounded number of random vertex samplings only one time (thus, iteration-free). Since it is independent from the definition of quasi-randomness, it can be generalized very naturally to hypergraph regularization. In this expository note, we show only a graph case of the paper [I] on hypergraphs, but may help the reader to acce…
The regularity lemma of Szemeredi asserts that one can partition every graph into a bounded number of quasi-random bipartite graphs. In some applications however, one would like to have a strong control on how quasi-random these bipartite graphs are. Alon, Fischer, Krivelevich and Szegedy obtained a powerful variant of the regularity lemma, which allows one to have an arbitrary control on this measure of quasi-randomness. However, their proof only guaranteed to produce a partition where the number of parts is given by the Wowzer function, which is the iterated version of the Tower function. We…
Following ideas that go back to Cannon, we show the rationality of various generating functions of growth sequences counting embeddings of convex subgraphs in locally-finite, vertex-transitive graphs with the (relative) falsification by fellow traveler property (fftp). In particular, we recover results of Cannon, of Epstein, Iano-Fletcher and Zwick, and of Calegari and Fujiwara. One of our applications concerns Schreier coset graphs of hyperbolic groups relative to quasi-convex subgroups, we show that these graphs have rational growth, the falsification by fellow traveler property, and the exi…
We use crystals of tableaux and descent compositions to understand the decomposition of Schur functions $s_λ$ into Gessel's fundamental quasisymmetric functions $F_α$. The connected crystal of tableaux $B(λ)$, associated to $s_λ$, is shown to be partitionned into a disjoint union of connected induced subgraphs $B(T_α)$ corresponding to the $F_α$'s. We show that these subgraphs, which we call quasicrystals, are isomorphic (as graphs) to specific crystals of tableaux. This allows us to give a formula for the number of tableaux of shape $λ$ and maximal entry $n$. We also use this setting to give …
We investigate topological, combinatorial, statistical, and enumeration properties of finite graphs with high Kolmogorov complexity (almost all graphs) using the novel incompressibility method. Example results are: (i) the mean and variance of the number of (possibly overlapping) ordered labeled subgraphs of a labeled graph as a function of its randomness deficiency (how far it falls short of the maximum possible Kolmogorov complexity) and (ii) a new elementary proof for the number of unlabeled graphs.
In the dense graph limit theory, the topology of the set of graphs is defined by the distribution of the subgraphs spanned by finite number of random vertices. Vera T. Sós proposed a question that if we consider only the number of edges in the spanned subgraphs, then whether it provides an equivalent definition. We show that the answer is positive on quasirandom graphs, and we prove a generalization of the statement.
We extend the notion of quasi-transitive orientations of graphs to 2-edge-coloured graphs. By relating quasi-transitive $2$-edge-colourings to an equivalence relation on the edge set of a graph, we classify those graphs that admit a quasi-transitive $2$-edge-colouring. As a contrast to Ghouilá-Houri's classification of quasi-transitively orientable graphs as comparability graphs, we find quasi-transitively $2$-edge-colourable graphs do not admit a forbiddden subgraph characterization. Restricting the problem to comparability graphs, we show that the family of uniquely quasi-transitively orient…
We consider a variation of Ramsey numbers introduced by Erdős and Pach (1983), where instead of seeking complete or independent sets we only seek a $t$-homogeneous set, a vertex subset that induces a subgraph of minimum degree at least $t$ or the complement of such a graph. For any $ν> 0$ and positive integer $k$, we show that any graph $G$ or its complement contains as an induced subgraph some graph $H$ on $\ell \ge k$ vertices with minimum degree at least $\frac12(\ell-1) + ν$ provided that $G$ has at least $k^{Ω(ν^2)}$ vertices. We also show this to be best possible in a sense. This may be …
We present a hereditary class of graphs of unbounded clique-width which is well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph relation. This result provides a negative answer to the question asked by Daligault, Rao and Thomassé in ("Well-quasi-order of relabel functions", Order, 27(3):301--315, 2010).
Recently, the second and third author showed that complete geometric graphs on $2n$ vertices in general cannot be partitioned into $n$ plane spanning trees. Building up on this work, in this paper, we initiate the study of partitioning into beyond planar subgraphs, namely into $k$-planar and $k$-quasi-planar subgraphs and obtain first bounds on the number of subgraphs required in this setting.
Daligault, Rao and Thomassé asked whether every hereditary graph class that is well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph relation has bounded clique-width. Lozin, Razgon and Zamaraev (JCTB 2017+) gave a negative answer to this question, but their counterexample is a class that can only be characterised by infinitely many forbidden induced subgraphs. This raises the issue of whether the question has a positive answer for finitely defined hereditary graph classes. Apart from two stubborn cases, this has been confirmed when at most two induced subgraphs $H_1,H_2$ are forbidden. We confirm it for…
The well-known characterization of two-ended groups says that every two-ended group can be split over finite subgroups which means it is isomorphic to either by a free product with amalgamation $A\ast_C B$ or an HNN-extension $\ast_ϕ C$, where $C$ is a finite group and $[A:C]=[B:C]=2$ and $ϕ\in Aut(C)$. In this paper, we show that there is a way in order to spilt two-ended quasi-transitive graphs without dominated ends and two-ended transitive graphs over finite subgraphs in the above sense. As an application of it, we characterize all groups acting with finitely many orbits almost freely on t…
We use the theory of graph limits to study several quasi-random properties, mainly dealing with various versions of hereditary subgraph counts. The main idea is to transfer the properties of (sequences of) graphs to properties of graphons, and to show that the resulting graphon properties only can be satisfied by constant graphons. These quasi-random properties have been studied before by other authors, but our approach gives proofs that we find cleaner, and which avoid the error terms and epsilons in the traditional arguments using the Szemeredi regularity lemma. On the other hand, other tech…
A quasi-total Roman dominating function on a graph $G=(V, E)$ is a function $f : V \rightarrow \{0,1,2\}$ satisfying the following: - every vertex $u$ for which $f(u) = 0$ is adjacent to at least one vertex $v$ for which $f(v) =2$, and - if $x$ is an isolated vertex in the subgraph induced by the set of vertices labeled with 1 and 2, then $f(x)=1$. The weight of a quasi-total Roman dominating function is the value $ω(f)=f(V)=\sum_{u\in V} f(u)$. The minimum weight of a quasi-total Roman dominating function on a graph $G$ is called the quasi-total Roman domination number of $G$. We introduce th…
A subgraph of an edge-coloured graph is called rainbow if all its edges have different colours. We prove a rainbow version of the blow-up lemma of Komlós, Sárközy and Szemerédi that applies to almost optimally bounded colourings. A corollary of this is that there exists a rainbow copy of any bounded-degree spanning subgraph $H$ in a quasirandom host graph $G$, assuming that the edge-colouring of $G$ fulfills a boundedness condition that is asymptotically best possible. This has many applications beyond rainbow colourings, for example to graph decompositions, orthogonal double covers and graph …
We show that a number of conditions on oriented graphs, all of which are satisfied with high probability by randomly oriented graphs, are equivalent. These equivalences are similar to those given by Chung, Graham and Wilson in the case of unoriented graphs, and by Chung and Graham in the case of tournaments. Indeed, our main theorem extends to the case of a general underlying graph G the main result of Chung and Graham which corresponds to the case that G is complete. One interesting aspect of these results is that exactly two of the four orientations of a four-cycle can be used for a quasi-ra…
We prove that any quasirandom dense large graph in which all degrees are equal and even can be decomposed into any given collection of two-factors (2-regular spanning subgraphs). A special case of this result gives a new solution to the Oberwolfach problem.
For a constant $γ\in[0,1]$ and a graph $G$, let $ω_γ(G)$ be the largest integer $k$ for which there exists a $k$-vertex subgraph of $G$ with at least $γ\binom{k}{2}$ edges. We show that if $0<p<γ<1$ then $ω_γ(G_{n,p})$ is concentrated on a set of two integers. More precisely, with $α(γ,p)=γ\log\fracγ{p}+(1-γ)\log\frac{1-γ}{1-p}$, we show that $ω_γ(G_{n,p})$ is one of the two integers closest to $\frac{2}{α(γ,p)}\big(\log n-\log\log n+\log\frac{eα(γ,p)}{2}\big)+\frac{1}{2}$, with high probability. While this situation parallels that of cliques in random graphs, a new technique is required to ha…
Oriented ribbon graphs (dessins d'enfant) are graphs embedded in oriented surfaces. The Bollobás-Riordan-Tutte polynomial is a three-variable polynomial that extends the Tutte polynomial to oriented ribbon graphs. A quasi-tree of a ribbon graph is a spanning subgraph with one face, which is described by an ordered chord diagram. We generalize the spanning tree expansion of the Tutte polynomial to a quasi-tree expansion of the Bollobás-Riordan-Tutte polynomial.
We study pairs of graphs (H_1,H_2) such that every graph with the densities of H_1 and H_2 close to the densities of H_1 and H_2 in a random graph is quasirandom; such pairs (H_1,H_2) are called forcing. Non-bipartite forcing pairs were first discovered by Conlon, Han, Person and Schacht [Weak quasi-randomness for uniform hypergraphs, Random Structures Algorithms 40 (2012), 1-38]: they showed that (K_t,F) is forcing where F is the graph that arises from K_t by iteratively doubling its vertices and edges in a prescribed way t times. Reiher and Schacht [Forcing quasirandomness with triangles, Fo…
Property testers are fast randomized algorithms whose task is to distinguish between inputs satisfying some predetermined property ${\cal P}$ and those that are far from satisfying it. Since these algorithms operate by inspecting a small randomly selected portion of the input, the most natural property one would like to be able to test is whether the input does not contain certain forbidden small substructures. In the setting of graphs, such a result was obtained by Alon et al., who proved that for any finite family of graphs ${\cal F}$, the property of being induced ${\cal F}$-free (i.e. not …
Given a graph $G$ and a constant $γ\in [0,1]$, let $ω^{(γ)}(G)$ be the largest integer $r$ such that there exists an $r$-vertex subgraph of $G$ containing at least $γ\binom{r}{2}$ edges. It was recently shown that $ω^{(γ)}(G)$ is highly concentrated when $G$ is an Erdős-Rényi random graph (Balister, Bollobás, Sahasrabudhe, Veremyev, 2019). This paper provides a simple method to extend that result to a setting of inhomogeneous random graphs, showing that $ω^{(γ)}(G)$ remains concentrated on a small range of values even if $G$ is an inhomogeneous random graph. Furthermore, we give an explicit ex…
We will investigate quasi-randomness for profinite groups. We will obtain bounds for the mininal degree of non-trivial representations of $\mathrm{SL}_k(\mathbb{Z}/(p^n\mathbb{Z}))$ and $\mathrm{Sp}_{2k}(\mathbb{Z}/(p^n\mathbb{Z}))$. Our method also delivers a lower bound for the minimal degree of a faithful representation for these groups. Using the suitable machinery from functional analysis, we establish exponential lower and upper bounds for the supremal measure of a product-free measurable subset of the profinite groups $\mathrm{SL}_{k}({\mathbb{Z}_p})$ and $\mathrm{Sp}_{2k}(\mathbb{Z}_p)…
We study the connectivity properties of random Bluetooth graphs that model certain "ad hoc" wireless networks. The graphs are obtained as "irrigation subgraphs" of the well-known random geometric graph model. There are two parameters that control the model: the radius $r$ that determines the "visible neighbors" of each node and the number of edges $c$ that each node is allowed to send to these. The randomness comes from the underlying distribution of data points in space and from the choices of each vertex. We prove that no connectivity can take place with high probability for a range of param…
We consider a refinement of the partition function of graph homomorphisms and present a quasi-polynomial algorithm to compute it in a certain domain. As a corollary, we obtain quasi-polynomial algorithms for computing partition functions for independent sets, perfect matchings, Hamiltonian cycles and dense subgraphs in graphs as well as for graph colorings. This allows us to tell apart in quasi-polynomial time graphs that are sufficiently far from having a structure of a given type (i.e., independent set of a given size, Hamiltonian cycle, etc.) from graphs that have sufficiently many structur…
