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arXiv 0902.4274q-fin.GN
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经济市场模型中的时间和对称性

Time and symmetry in models of economic markets

Lee Smolin

摘要:

这些笔记讨论了新古典经济学和替代方法中的几个主题,旨在回顾经济市场建模中的基本问题。首先,我对基本的阿罗-德布鲁一般均衡模型进行了一个简短的、非严格的总结,以及它的扩展,包括时间和偶然性。然后,我认为,对称性由于类似的赋予个人和类似的产品一般打破稀缺性的约束,导致多重均衡的存在。其次是对该模式的优点和缺点进行总体评价。一些弱点与时间和偶然性的处理有关。为了解决这些问题,我们讨论一类基于代理的模型。另一组问题与价格的基本含义有关,以及与此相关的问题,即经济市场的非均衡动态模型的可观测量应该是什么。我们认为,这些问题的解决,制定经济学的语言规范理论,最初提出的Malaney和温斯坦。我们回顾了他们的一些工作,并提供了一个草图,如何规范不变性可以纳入制定基于代理的模型。

英文摘要:

These notes discuss several topics in neoclassical economics and alternatives, with an aim of reviewing fundamental issues in modeling economic markets. I start with a brief, non-rigorous summary of the basic Arrow-Debreu model of general equilibrium, as well as its extensions to include time and contingency. I then argue that symmetries due to similarly endowed individuals and similar products are generically broken by the constraints of scarcity, leading to the existence of multiple equilibria. This is followed by an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the model generally. Several of the weaknesses are concerned with the treatments of time and contingency. To address these we discuss a class of agent based models. Another set of issues has to do with the fundamental meaning of prices and the related question of what the observables of a non-equilibrium, dynamic model of an economic market should be. We argue that these issues are addressed by formulating economics in the language of a gauge theory, as proposed originally by Malaney and Weinstein. We review some of their work and provide a sketch of how gauge invariance can be incorporated into the formulation of agent based models.

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