The history of the quadratic stochastic operators can be traced back to work of S.Bernshtein (1924). During more than 80 years this theory developed and many papers were published. In recent years it has again become of interest in connection with numerous applications to many branches of mathematics, biology and physics. But most results of the theory were published in non English journals, full text of which are not accessible. In this paper we give a brief description of the results and discuss several open problems.
In present paper we introduce the notion of dissipative quadratic stochastic operator and cubic stochastic operator. We prove necessary conditions for dissipativity of quadratic stochastic operators. Besides, it is studied certain limit behavior of such operators. Finally we prove ergodic theorem for dissipative operators.
In the present paper we introduce a concept of doubly stochastic quadratic operator. We prove necessary and sufficient conditions for doubly stochasticity of operator. Besides, we prove that the set of all doubly stochastic operators forms convex polytope. Finally, we study analogue of Birkhoff's theorem for the class of doubly stochastic quadratic operators.
In this paper we introduce a notion of $F-$ quadratic stochastic operator. For a wide class of such operators we show that each operator of the class has unique fixed point. Also we prove that any trajectory of the $F$-quadratic stochastic operator converges to the fixed point exponentially fast.
We consider $\ell$-Volterra quadratic stochastic operators defined on $(m-1)$-dimensional simplex, where $\ell\in\{0,1,...,m\}$. Under some conditions on coefficients of such operators we describe Lyapunov functions and apply them to obtain upper estimates for the set of $ω$- limit points of trajectories. We describe a set of fixed points of $\ell$-Volterra operators.
In this paper we describe a wide class of non-Volterra quadratic stochastic operators using N. Ganikhadjaev's construction of quadratic stochastic operators. By the construction these operators depend on a probability measure $μ$ being defined on the set of all configurations which are given on a graph $G.$ We show that if $μ$ is the product of probability measures being defined on each maximal connected subgraphs of $G$ then corresponding non-Volterra operator can be reduced to $m$ number (where $m$ is the number of maximal connected subgraphs of $G$) of Volterra operators defined on the maxi…
In the present paper is devoted to the study of elliptic quadratic operator equations over the finite dimensional Euclidean space. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions of elliptic quadratic operator equations. The iterative Newton-Kantorovich method is also presented for stable solutions.
In this paper we showed an equivalence of notions of regularity, transitivity and Ergodic principle for quadratic stochastic Volterra operators acting on the finite dimensional simplex.
There is one-to-one correspondence between quadratic operators (mapping $\mathbb R^m$ to itself) and cubic matrices. It is known that any quadratic operator corresponding to a stochastic (in a fixed sense) cubic matrix preserves the standard simplex. In this paper we find conditions on the (non-stochastic) cubic matrix ensuring that corresponding quadratic operator preserves simplex. Moreover, we construct several quadratic non-stochastic operators which generate chaotic dynamical systems on the simplex. These chaotic behaviors are \emph{splitted} meaning that the simplex is partitioned into u…
The limit behavior of trajectories of dissipative quadratic stochastic operators on a finite-dimensional simplex is fully studied. It is shown that any dissipative quadratic stochastic operator has either unique or infinitely many fixed points. If dissipative quadratic stochastic operator has a unique point, it is proven that the operator is regular at this fixed point. If it has infinitely many fixed points, then it is shown that $ω-$ limit set of the trajectory is contained in the set of fixed points.
This paper is devoted to the study of the problem of prevalence in the class of quadratic stochastic operators acting on the L1 space for the uniform topology. We obtain that the set of norm quasi-mixing quadratic stochastic operators is a dense and open set in the topology induced by a very natural metric. This shows the typical long-term behaviour of iterates of quadratic stochastic operators.
A quadratic stochastic operator (in short QSO) is usually used to present the time evolution of differing species in biology. Some quadratic stochastic operators have been studied by Lotka and Volterra. The general problem in the nonlinear operator theory is to study the behavior of operators. This problem was not fully finished even for quadratic stochastic operators which are the simplest nonlinear operators. To study this problem, it was investigated several classes of QSO. In this paper, we study $ξ^{(s)}$--QSO defined on 2D simplex. We first classify $ξ^{(s)}$--QSO into 20 non-conjugate c…
In this paper we consider a population consisting of two species, dynamics of which is defined by a quadratic stochastic operator with variable coefficients, making it discontinuous operator at two points. This operator depends on three parameters. It is shown that under suitable conditions on the parameters this operator may have fixed points, convergence of trajectories and there may exist periodic points.
We prove uniform hyperbolicity of the renormalization operator for all possible real combinatorial types. We derive from it that the set of infinitely renormalizable parameter values in the real quadratic family $P_c: x\mapsto x^2+c$ has zero measure. This yields the statement in the title (where ``regular'' means to have an attracting cycle and ``stochastic'' means to have an absolutely continuous invariant measure). An application to the MLC problem is given.
For two classes of bisexual populations we give a constructive description of quadratic stochastic operators which act to the Cartesian product of standard simplexes. We consider a bisexual population such that the set of females can be partitioned into finitely many different types indexed by $\{1,2,...,n\}$ and, similarly, that the male types are indexed by $\{1,2,...,ν\}$. Quadratic stochastic operators were constructed for the bisexual population for the cases $n=ν=2$ and $n=ν=4$. In both cases, we study dynamical systems generated by the quadratic operators of the bisexual population. We …
We consider quadratic stochastic operators, which are separable as a product of two linear operators. Depending on properties of these linear operators we classify the set of the separable quadratic stochastic operators: first class of constant operators, second class of linear and third class of nonlinear (separable) quadratic stochastic operators. Since the properties of operators from the first and second classes are well-known, we mainly study properties of the operators of the third class. We describe some Lyapunov functions of the operators and apply them to study $ω$-limit sets of the t…
A quadratic stochastic operator (in short QSO) is usually used to present the time evolution of differing species in biology. Some quadratic stochastic operators have been studied by Lotka and Volterra. In the present paper, we first give a simple characterization of Volterra QSO in terms of absolutely continuity of discrete measures. Moreover, we provide its generalization in continuous setting. Further, we introduce a notion of orthogonal preserving QSO, and describe such kind of operators defined on two dimensional simplex. It turns out that orthogonal preserving QSOs are permutations of Vo…
We introduce a notion of $\ell$-Volterra quadratic stochastic operator defined on $(m-1)$-dimensional simplex, where $\ell\in\{0,1,...,m\}$. The $\ell$-Volterra operator is a Volterra operator iff $\ell=m$. We study structure of the set of all $\ell$-Volterra operators and describe their several fixed and periodic points. For $m=2$ and 3 we describe behavior of trajectories of $(m-1)$-Volterra operators. The paper also contains many remarks with comparisons of $\ell$-Volterra operators and Volterra ones.
We consider a new subclass of quadratic stochastic (evolutionary) operators on the simplex indexed by a finite Abelian group G with heredity law μ. With the help of the notion of s(μ)-invariant subgroups, where s(μ) denotes the support of μin G, we prove that almost all (w.r.t.\ Lebesgue measure) trajectories of such operators converge to a unique fixed point which is the center of the simplex. We also identify and describe the periodic trajectories of the operator and give conditions for regularity and periodicity.
We consider a four-parametric $(a, b, α, β)$ family of Volterra quadratic stochastic operators for a bisexual population (i.e., each organism of the population must belong either to the female sex or the male sex). We show that independently on parameters each such operator has at least two fixed points. Moreover, under some conditions on parameters the operator has infinitely many (continuum) fixed points. Choosing parameters, numerically we show that a fixed point may be any type: attracting, repelling, saddle and non-hyperbolic. We separate five subfamilies of quadratic operators and show t…
On the set of genotypes $Φ=\{1,...,m\}$ we introduce a binary relation generated by Volterra quadratic stochastic operator $V$ on $(m-1)$ dimensional simplex $S^{m-1}$ and prove that the operator $V$ be non-ergodic if either there exists a Hamiltonian cycle or one of the vertices $M_i=(δ_{1i},δ_{2i},...,δ_{mi})$ of the simplex $S^{m-1}$ is a source and restriction of $V$ to the invariant face $F_i=\{x\in S^{m-1}: x_i=0\}$ is non-ergodic. In this paper we prove this result for $m=2,3,4.$
We consider a four-parameter family of non-Volterra operators defined on the two-dimensional simplex and show that, with one exception, each such operator has a unique fixed point. Depending on the parameters, we establish the type of this fixed point. We study the set of limit points for each trajectory and show that this set can be a single point or can contain a 2-periodic trajectory.
We construct quadratic stochastic processes (QSP) (also known as Markov processes of cubic matrices) in continuous and discrete times. These are dynamical systems given by (a fixed type, called $σ$) stochastic cubic matrices satisfying an analogue of Kolmogorov-Chapman equation (KCE) with respect to a fixed multiplications (called $μ$) between cubic matrices. The existence of a stochastic (at each time) solution to the KCE provides the existence of a QSP called a QSP of type $(σ| μ)$. In this paper, our aim is to construct and study trajectories of QSPs for specially chosen notions of stochast…
We study the weak convergence of iterates of so-called centred kernel quadratic stochastic operators. These iterations, in a population evolution setting, describe the additive perturbation of the arithmetic mean of the traits of an individual's parents and correspond to certain weighted sums of independent random variables. We show that one can obtain weak convergence results under rather mild assumptions on the kernel. Essentially it is sufficient for the distribution of the perturbing random variable to have a finite variance or have tails controlled by a power function. The advantage of th…
In this paper, we formulate a general time-inconsistent stochastic linear--quadratic (LQ) control problem. The time-inconsistency arises from the presence of a quadratic term of the expected state as well as a state-dependent term in the objective functional. We define an equilibrium, instead of optimal, solution within the class of open-loop controls, and derive a sufficient condition for equilibrium controls via a flow of forward--backward stochastic differential equations. When the state is one dimensional and the coefficients in the problem are all deterministic, we find an explicit equili…
