Kazutoshi Ito, Akiya Miyamoto, Tadashi Nagamine, Yutaro Sato, Yosuke Takubo, Toshiaki Tauchi, Hitoshi Yamamoto
At the International Linear Collider (ILC), measurement of the beam profile at the interaction point (IP) is a key issue to achieve high luminosity. We studied the beam size measurement by combination of Pair Monitor and BeamCal. We obtained measurement accuracies of 2.7%, and 6.6% for the horizontal, and vertical beam sizes, respectively, for 50 bunch crossings.
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The SiD concept is one of two proposed detectors to be mounted at the interaction region of the International Linear Collider (ILC). A substantial ILC background arises from low transverse momentum $\mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-}$ pairs created by the interaction of the colliding beams' electromagnetic fields. In order to provide hermeticity and sensitivity to beam targeting parameters, a forward Beamline Calorimeter (BeamCal) is being designed that will provide coverage down to 5 mrad from the outgoing beam trajectory, and intercept the majority of this pair background. Using the SiD simulation…
Two special calorimeters are foreseen for the instrumentation of the very forward region of an ILC or CLIC detector; a luminometer (LumiCal) designed to measure the rate of low angle Bhabha scattering events with a precision better than 10$^{-3}$ at the ILC and 10$^{-2}$ at CLIC, and a low polar-angle calorimeter (BeamCal). The latter will be hit by a large amount of beamstrahlung remnants. The intensity and the spatial shape of these depositions will provide a fast luminosity estimate, as well as determination of beam parameters. The sensors of this calorimeter must be radiation-hard. Both de…
LumiCal will be the luminosity calorimeter for the proposed International Large Detector of the International Linear Collider (ILC). The ILC physics program requires the integrated luminosity to be measured with a relative precision on the order of 10e-3, or 10e-4 when running in GigaZ mode. Luminosity will be determined by counting Bhabha scattering events coincident in the two calorimeter modules placed symmetrically on opposite sides of the interaction point. To meet these goals, the energy resolution of the calorimeter must be better than 1.5% at high energies. LumiCal has been designed as…
A new design of a detector plane of sub-millimetre thickness for an electromagnetic sampling calorimeter is presented. It is intended to be used in the luminometers LumiCal and BeamCal in future linear $e^+e^-$ collider experiments. The detector planes were produced utilising novel connectivity scheme technologies. They were installed in a compact prototype of the calorimeter and tested at DESY with an electron beam of energy 1-5 GeV. The performance of a prototype of a compact LumiCal comprising eight detector planes was studied. The effective Moli`ere radius at 5 GeV was determined to be (8.…
Detectors at future $e^+e^-$ colliders need special calorimeters in the very forward region for a fast estimate and precise measurement of the luminosity, to improve the hermeticity and mask the central tracking detectors from backscattered particles. In our concept, two compact calorimeters are foreseen, LumiCal and BeamCal. Both are designed as sandwich calorimeters with very thin sensor planes to keep the Molière radius small, facilitating such the measurement of electron showers in the presence of background. Silicon sensor prototypes and dedicated FE ASICs have been developed and produced…
Neutron beam monitors are an essential diagnostic component of neutron scattering facilities. They are used to measure neutron flux, calibrating experiments performed on the instruments, allowing measurement of facility performance, understanding of the effect on the neutrons of beam-line components (such as choppers), calibration of detectors and tracking of beam stability. Ideally beam monitors {should} not perturb the beam. Previous work shows commercial beam monitors attenuate the beam by a few percent in the worst case due to the 1-2 mm thick Aluminium entrance and exit windows and the ma…
Neutron beam monitors with high efficiency, low gamma sensitivity, high time and space resolution are required in neutron beam experiments to continuously diagnose the delivered beam. In this work, commercially available neutron beam monitors have been characterized using the R2D2 beamline at IFE (Norway) and using a Be-based neutron source. For the gamma sensitivity measurements different gamma sources have been used. The evaluation of the monitors includes, the study of their efficiency, attenuation, scattering and sensitivity to gamma. In this work we report the results of this characteriza…
With the renewal of many neutron science instruments and the commissioning of new neutron facilities, there is a rising demand for improved neutron beam monitoring systems with reduced beam perturbations and higher counting rate capability. Fission chambers are the most popular beam monitors; however, their use on some instruments may be prevented by the background generated by fast neutrons emitted during neutron captures in 235U and by neutrons scattered in the material of the fission chamber. Multitube detectors, on the other hand, offer a good alternative with minimum beam perturbations. T…
Uranium fission chambers are commonly used for neutron beam monitoring in neutron research facilities. The challenges brought with the renewing or commissioning of new neutron facilities encourage to minimize the interaction between the monitor and the neutron beam. In order to characterize both their detection efficiency and transmission factor, several fission chambers, have been scanned on the CT1 monochromatic beam line of the ILL. Results show that the monitor transparency, measured at the center of the monitor, varies from 90% to 96%, and that the detection efficiency varies by as much a…
A scintillating-fiber beam profile detector has been designed, built and tested, for the monitoring of the position and size of the electron beam of the DAFNE, the recently commissioned electron beam-test facility at the Frascati LNF. A description of the detector construction and assembly, together with the results achieved during the 2003-2004 run, are here reported.
The CMS Beam Conditions and Radiation Monitoring System, BRM, will support beam tuning, protect the CMS detector from adverse beam conditions, and measure the accumulated dose close to or inside all sub-detectors. It is composed of different sub-systems measuring either the particle flux near the beam pipe with time resolution between nano- and microseconds or the integrated dose over longer time intervals. This paper presents the Fast Beam Conditions Monitor, BCM1F, which is designed for fast flux monitoring measuring both beam halo and collision products. BCM1F is located inside the CMS pixe…
The Advanced Photon Source (APS) was commissioned in 1995 as a third-generation x-ray user facility. At that time orbit control was performed exclusively with broadband rf beam position monitors (BPMs). Since then, emphasis has been placed on incorporating x-ray beam position monitors into the orbit control algorithms. This has resulted in an order of magnitude improvement in long-term beam stability vertically, using x-ray BPMs (X-BPMs) on bending magnet beamlines. Additional processing will allow similar improvements horizontally, once systematic effects associated with variable insertion de…
In Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), proton beam is used to hit metal tungsten target, and then high flux neutrons are generated for experiments on instruments. For neutron flux spectrum correction, boron-coated GEM, lithium glass and 3He are used as neutron beam monitor in instruments. To be integrated into neutron instrument control, a new DAQ software for neutron beam monitor is developed, called NEROS (Neutron Event Readout System). NEROS is based on EPICS V4 and a unified data format for CSNS neutron beam monitor is defined. The framework and software design of NEROS is introduced…
A beam monitor detector prototype based on doped silica fibres coupled to optical fibres has been designed, constructed and tested, mainly for accelerators used in medical applications. Scintillation light produced by Ce and Sb doped silica fibres moving across the beam has been measured, giving information on beam position, shape and intensity. Mostly based on commercial components, the detector is easy to install, to operate and no electronic components are located near the beam. Tests have been performed with a 2 MeV proton pulsed beam at an average current of 0.8 μA. The response character…
In Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), proton beam is used to hit metal tungsten target, and then high flux neutron are generated for experiments on instruments. For neutron flux spectrum correction, the current of proton beam is for each instrument. A real time monitor system is developed in CSNS, to monitor, broadcast and record each pulse of proton. Each proton pulse charge is measured and marked with high-precision timestamp. Then, the result of measurement will be broadcasted to control room and each neutron instrument. In control room, the proton charge of each pulse is listened an…
The Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) facility is a conventional neutrino beam which produces muon neutrinos by focusing a beam of mesons into a long evacuated decay volume. We have built four arrays of ionization chambers to monitor the position and intensity of the hadron and muon beams associated with neutrino production at locations downstream of the decay volume. This article describes the chambers' construction, calibration, and commissioning in the beam.
A high-performance Scintillator Ion Beam Monitor (SIBM) provides diagnostics across a range of isotopes, energies, and intensities employing a machine-vision camera with two novel scintillator targets movable into/out of the beam without breaking vacuum. Scintillators are: 1) a semicrystalline polymer material (PM) film, 1-200 microns thick; 2) A 100-400 micron thick opaque wafer consisting of a hybrid of inorganic-polymer (HM) plastic matrix. The SIBM was demonstrated at the Facility of Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB, East Lansing, MI) real-time beam profile and rate analysis spanning more than fiv…
The Beam Conditions and Radiation Monitoring System, BRM, is implemented in CMS to protect the detector and provide an interface to the LHC. Seven sub-systems monitor beam conditions and the radiation level inside the detector on different time scales. They detect adverse beam conditions, facilitate beam tuning close to CMS, and measure the doses accumulated in different detector components. Data are taken and analysed independently of the CMS data acquisition, displayed in the control room, and provide inputs to the trigger system and the LHC operators. In case of beam conditions dangerous to…
A prototype quasi-parasitic thermal neutron beam monitor based on isotropic neutron scattering from a thin natural vanadium foil and standard $^3$He proportional counters is conceptualized, designed, simulated, calibrated, and commissioned. The European Spallation Source designed to deliver the highest integrated neutron flux originating from a pulsed source is currently under construction in Lund, Sweden. The effort to investigate a vanadium-based neutron beam monitor was triggered by a list of requirements for Beam Monitors permanently placed in the ESS neutron beams in order to provide reli…
We designed, constructed and have been operating a system based on single-crystal synthetic diamond sensors, to monitor the beam losses at the interaction region of the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy electron-positron collider. The system records the radiation dose-rates in positions close to the inner detectors of the Belle II experiment, and protects both the detector and accelerator components against destructive beam losses, by participating in the beam-abort system. It also provides complementary information for the dedicated studies of beam-related backgrounds. We describe the performance o…
Performance evaluation of electron multiplier tubes as a high-intensity muon beam monitor of accelerator neutrino experiments
针对J-PARC中微子束流线升级的μ子束流监测需求，研究验证了电子倍增管（EMTs）的辐射耐受性与线性响应，确认其可用于高强度μ子束流监测，正推进安装。
Design and performance of the prototype gaseous beam monitor with GEM and pixel sensors for the CSR external-target experiment
本文为HIRFL的CSR外靶实验开发了一种基于GEM和像素传感器的气体束流监测器，用于精确跟踪束流粒子并重建碰撞初级顶点，原型测试显示其空间分辨率优于50 $\mum$，时间分辨率优于15 ns。
We review beam position monitors adopting the perspective of an analogue-to- digital converter in a sampling data acquisition system. From a statistical treatment of independent data samples we derive basic formulae of position uncertainty for beam position monitors. Uncertainty estimates only rely on a few simple model parameters and have been calculated for two "practical" signal shapes, a square pulse and a triangular pulse. The analysis has been carried out for three approaches: the established signal integration and root-sum-square ap- proaches, and a least-square fit for the models of di…
At high luminosity areas, beam loss monitor with fast response and high radiation resistance is crucial for accelerator operation. In this article, we report the design and test results of a fast response and radiation-resistant scintillator detector as the beam loss monitor for high luminosity colliders, especially at low energy regions such as RFQ. The detector consists of a 2 cm*2 cm 0.5 cm LYSO crystal readout by a 6 mm*6 mm Silicon photomultiplier. Test results from various radioactive sources show that the detector has good sensitivity to photons from tens of keV to several MeV with good…
Simulation of radiation environment for the beam monitor of CEE experiment
本文使用FLUKA蒙特卡罗代码模拟了冷却储存环外靶实验中束流监测器（BM）的辐射环境，评估了总电离剂量和各类粒子通量等辐射量，并探讨了添加屏蔽层等替代设置对探测器性能的影响。
The new beam profile measurement for the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) at CERN is based on a single Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) with a 2D readout structure. This detector is very light, ~0.4% X0, as required by the low energy of the antiprotons, 5.3 MeV. This overcomes the problems previously encountered with multi-wire proportional chambers (MWPC) for the same purpose, where beam interactions with the detector severely affect the obtained profiles. A prototype was installed and successfully tested in late 2010, with another five detectors now installed in the ASACUSA and AEGIS beam lines. We …
At the Linear Collider mismatches between the two beams will result in an intense beamstrahlung. We have studied how this beamstrahlung would evolve as a function of the offset between the two beams and we suggest ways of monitoring it.
We report the design and test results of a beam monitor developed for online monitoring in hadron therapy. The beam monitor uses eight silicon pixel sensors, \textit{Topmetal-${II}^-$}, as the anode array. \textit{Topmetal-${II}^-$} is a charge sensor designed in a CMOS 0.35 $μ$m technology. Each \textit{Topmetal-${II}^-$} sensor has $72\times72$ pixels and the pixel size is $83\times83$ $μ$m$^2$. In our design, the beam passes through the beam monitor without hitting the electrodes, making the beam monitor especially suitable for monitoring heavy ion beams. This design also reduces radiation …
After a short review of modern beam monitors, ionization and proportional counters and discussion on the necessity to have thinner wires, we propose and consider construction and parameters of nanotube particle beam monitors and counters
Develop monitors for MW-power proton beam at J-PARC extraction beamline for neutrino experiments
本文报道了J-PARC中微子束线升级至800 kW后，针对MW级质子束研制的非破坏性荧光监测器和光纤束损监测器的进展与挑战。
In present work, we report an experimental method to measure the density and distribution of a supersonic gas jet used for charged particle beam profile monitoring. The density of the gas jet used in this monitor was in the range of $10^{14}$ - $10^{17}$ molecules/$m^3$.
Aperture limitation localization using beam position and beam loss monitor measurements
本文提出一种利用可移动闪烁体束流损失监测器结合闭合轨道局部畸变的方法，在环形电子加速器中实现亚米级精度的束流损失定位，并在VEPP-4M对撞机上完成实验验证。
The analysis of beamstrahlung radiation, emitted from a beam of charged particles due to the electromagnetic interaction with a second beam of charged particles, provides a diagnostic tool that can be used to monitor beam-beam collisions in a $e^{+}e^{-}$ storage ring. In this paper we show that the beamstrahlung time profile is related to the timing of the collisions and the length of the beams, and how its measurement can be used to monitor and optimize collisions at the interaction point of the SuperKEKB collider. To measure the time dependence of beamstrahlung, we describe a method based o…
The beam position monitor (BPM) system for Fermilab Switchyard (SY) provides the position, intensity and integrated intensity of the 53.10348 MHz RF bunched resonant extracted beam from the Main Injector over 4 seconds of spill. The total beam intensity varies from 1x10^11 to 1x10^13 protons. The spill is measured by stripline beam postion monitors and resonant circuit. The BPMs have an external resonant circuit tuned to 53.10348 MHz. The corresponding voltage signal out of the BPM has been estimated to be between -110 dBm and -80 dBm.
The intensity of charged particle beams at Fermilab must be kept within pre-determined safety and operational envelopes in part by assuring all beam within a few percent has been transported from any source to destination. Beam intensity monitors with toroidial pickups provide such beam intensity measurements in the transport lines between accelerators at FNAL. During Run II, much effort was made to continually improve the resolution and accuracy of the system.
Initial PIP-II Beam Current Monitor Fault Case Analyses & Beam Position Monitor Linearity Studies in CST Studio Suite
本文利用 CST Studio Suite 建立 BPM 与 ACCT BCM 模型，在 PIP-II 束流条件下分析位置信号线性度及法兰间隙等潜在故障。
Muon beam monitoring is indispensable for indirectly monitoring accelerator-produced neutrino beams in real time. Though Si photodiodes and ionization chambers have been successfully used as muon monitors at the T2K experiment, sensors that are more radiation tolerant are desired for future operation. We have investigated the electron-multiplier tube (EMT) as a new sensor for muon monitoring. Secondary electrons produced by the passage of muons at dynodes are multiplied in the tube and produce signal. Two prototype detectors were installed at the T2K muon monitor location, and various EMT prop…
High precision proton beam monitor system concept design on CSNS based on SiC
该研究为中国散裂中子源设计基于碳化硅PIN传感器的高精度质子束监测系统，完成概念设计并测试各组件，实现束流注量不确定度低于1%。
A Beam Monitor for Ion Beam Therapy based on HV-CMOS Pixel Detectors
本文评估了高压CMOS像素探测器作为离子束治疗束流监测器的可行性，旨在克服多丝室响应慢及MRI引导治疗中的磁场和振动挑战，并提出了大规模组装与读出系统的概念。
This introduction on beam position monitors (BPM) summarizes the fundamental parts of the tutorial presented at the CAS 2018 on beam instrumentation. The focus is on the signal detection and normalization, and on the principle of operation of commonly used broadband pickups, i.e.\ button and stripline BPMs. Other BPM types, such as split-plane and cavity BPMs are also discussed, as well as the detection of low-$β$ beams. Finally, a note on BPM signal processing techniques is given.
The scintillating fiber-SiPM beam monitor detectors, designed to deliver beam informations for the R484 and R582 experiments at the high intensity, low energy pulsed muon beam at the RIKEN-RAL facility, have been successfully constructed and operated. Details on their construction and first performances in beam are reported
Development of a real-time beam profile monitor for GeV photons and its application in accelerator facilities
本研究为东北大学BM4光束线的GeV光子束研制了由塑料闪烁光纤和硅光电倍增管构成的新型上下游束流剖面监测仪，结合现有下游高速BPM构建实时监测系统，实现了数十MHz计数率下10μm的1秒测量精度，可为相关物理实验和加速器研究提供支撑。
In the storage ring of PLS-II, we reduced mechanical displacement of electron beam position monitors (e-BPMs) that is caused by heating during e-beam storage. The orbit feedback system intends that the electron beam pass through the center of the BPM, so to provide stable photon beam into beamlines the BPM pickup itself must be stable to sub-micrometer precision. Thermal deformation of the vacuum chambers on which the BPM pickups are mounted is inevitable when the electron beam current is changed by unintended beam abort. We reduced this deformation by improving the vacuum chamber support and …
Optimization of blade type X-ray Beam Position Monitors (XBPM) was performed for NSLS-II undulator IVU20. Blade material, configuration and operation principle was analyzed to improve XBPM performance. Optimization is based on calculation of the XBPM signal spatial distribution. Along with standard photoemission blades, Diamond Detector Blade (DDB) was analyzed as XBPM signal source. Analyses revealed, that Diamond Detector Blade XBPM would allow overcoming drawbacks of the photoemission type XBPMs.
The LHCb experiment at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is dedicated to precision measurements of CP violation and rare decays of B hadrons. Its most sensitive components are protected by means of a Beam Conditions Monitor (BCM), based on polycrystalline CVD diamond sensors. Its configuration, operation and decision logics to issue or remove the beam permit signal for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are described in this paper.
The CMS beam and radiation monitoring subsystem BCM1F (Fast Beam Condition Monitor) consists of 8 individual diamond sensors situated around the beam pipe within the pixel detector volume, for the purpose of fast bunch-by-bunch monitoring of beam background and collision products. In addition, effort is ongoing to use BCM1F as an online luminosity monitor. BCM1F will be running whenever there is beam in LHC, and its data acquisition is independent from the data acquisition of the CMS detector, hence it delivers luminosity even when CMS is not taking data. A report is given on the performance o…
We present a method to measure transverse size and position of an electron or proton beam, close to the injection point in plasma wakefields, where other diagnostics are not available. We show that transverse size measurements are in agreement with values expected from the beam optics with a $< 10\%$ uncertainty. We confirm the deflection of the low-energy 18 MeV electron beam trajectory by the Earth's magnetic field. This measurement can be used to correct for this effect and set proper electron bunch injection parameters. The advanced wakefield experiment at CERN (AWAKE) relies on these meas…
We present the design and initial prototype results of a pixellized proton beam profile monitor for the COMET experiment at J-PARC. The goal of COMET is to look for charged lepton flavor violation by direct muon to electron conversion at a sensitivity of $0^{-19}$. An 8 GeV proton beam pulsed at 100 ns with $10^{10}$ protons/s will be used to create muons through pion production and decay. In the final experiment, the proton flux will be raised to $10^{14}$ protons/sec to increase the sensitivity. These requirements of harsh radiation tolerance and fast readout make diamond a good choice for c…
A VME-based data acquisition system for beam-loss monitors has been developed and is in use in the Tevatron and Main Injector accelerators at the Fermilab complex. The need for enhanced beam-loss protection when the Tevatron is operating in collider-mode was the main driving force for the new design. Prior to the implementation of the present system, the beam-loss monitor system was disabled during collider operation and protection of the Tevatron magnets relied on the quench protection system. The new Beam-Loss Monitor system allows appropriate abort logic and thresholds to be set over the fu…
Beam Halo and Bunch Purity Monitoring
本文介绍了用于束团晕测量的高动态范围仪器，并讨论了束流仪器角度下的晕定义和量化方法。
We developed an electron beam size monitor for extremely small beam sizes. It uses a laser interference fringe for a scattering target with the electron beam. Our target performance is < 2 nm systematic error for 37 nm beam size and < 10% statistical error in a measurement using 90 electron bunches for 25 - 6000 nm beam size. A precise laser interference fringe control system using an active feedback function is incorporated to the monitor to achieve the target performance. We describe an overall design, implementations, and performance estimations of the monitor.
Synchrotron radiation with the characteristic of high brilliance, high level of polarization, high collimation, low emittance and wide tunability in energy has been used as a standard source in metrology(1, 2). For a decade, lots of calibration work have been done on 4B7A in Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF) (3, 4). For the calibration process, a high-precision online monitor is indispensable. To control the uncertainty under 0.1%, we studied different sizes parallel ion chambers with rare-gas and used different collecting methods to monitor the x-ray intensity of the beamline. Two…
Ions with similar charge-to-mass ratios cannot be separated from existing beam profile monitors (BPMs) in nuclear facilities in which low-energy radioactive ions are produced due to nuclear fusion reactions. In this study, we developed a BPM using a microchannel plate and a charge-coupled device to differentiate the beam profiles of alpha-decaying radioactive isotopes from other ions (reaction products) produced in a nuclear reaction. This BPM was employed to optimize the low-energy radioactive francium ion (Fr+) beam developed at the Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku Universit…
A prototype plastic scintillating fibre based beam profile monitor was tested at the Heidelberg Ion Therapy Centre / \textit{Heidelberg Ionenstrahl Therapiezentrum} (HIT) in 2016 to determine its beam property reconstruction performance and the feasibility of further developing an expanded system. At HIT protons, helium, carbon, and oxygen ions are available for therapy and experiments. The beam can be scanned in two dimensions using fast deflection magnets. A tracking system is used to monitor beam position and to adjust scanner currents online. A new detector system with a finer granularity …
Characterisation of a low-momentum high-rate muon beam monitor for the FAMU experiment at the CNAO-XPR beam facility
为给FAMU实验提供可靠μ子通量估计，研究人员在CNAO同步加速器上用质子束结合Geant4模拟，完成了低动量高计数率μ子束流监测器的校准与特性表征。
Fast silicon detectors as proton therapy beam monitors
本文研究低增益雪崩探测器在60 MeV质子束中的响应，首次观测到AIC-144回旋加速器脉冲结构特征，并证明其在约7.5 Gy/s瞬时剂量率内可实现精确通量测量，为质子治疗束流诊断提供可行替代方案。
The Beam Instrumentation group at CERN has developed a new scintillating fibre beam monitor for the measurement of secondary particle beams in the CERN Experimental Areas. The monitor has a simple design that stands out for its low material budget, vacuum compatibility, good performance, low cost, and ease of production. By using different read-out techniques the monitor can perform several functions, such as measurement of the profile, position and intensity of the beam, momentum spectrometry, generation of fast trigger signals, and measurement of the time-of-flight for particle identificatio…
Development of a SciFi-based beam monitor for COMET
本文介绍为 COMET 实验研制的基于闪烁光纤和硅光电倍增管的μ子束流监视器，用于测量束流空间轮廓与时间结构，该探测器已在 CSNS 测试及 COMET Phase-α 调试中成功运行。
A New Beam Monitor at NFS/SPIRAL2 Based on Position-Sensitive PPACs Detecting Fission Fragments from ${}^{238}$U$(n,f)$
基于位置敏感PPACs的新型束流监控器，用于检测${}^{238}$U(n,f)反应中的裂变碎片，实现中子束流的在线监测与测量。
A collaboration between Fermilab and the Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Beijing, has developed a beam position monitor for the IHEP test beam facility. This telescope is based on 5 stations of silicon strip detectors having a pitch of 60 microns. The total active area of each layer of the detector is about 12x10 cm2. Readout of the strips is provided through the use of VA1` ASICs mounted on custom hybrid printed circuit boards and interfaced to Adapter Cards via copper-over-kapton flexible circuits. The Adapter Cards amplify and level-shift the signal for input to the Fermilab CAPTA…
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