Testing gravitational-wave searches with numerical relativity waveforms: Results from the first Numerical INJection Analysis (NINJA) project
Benjamin Aylott, John G. Baker, William D. Boggs, Michael Boyle, Patrick R. Brady, Duncan A. Brown, Bernd Brügmann, Luisa T. Buchman, Alessandra Buonanno, Laura… 展开作者
Benjamin Aylott, John G. Baker, William D. Boggs, Michael Boyle, Patrick R. Brady, Duncan A. Brown, Bernd Brügmann, Luisa T. Buchman, Alessandra Buonanno, Laura Cadonati, Jordan Camp, Manuela Campanelli, Joan Centrella, Shourov Chatterji, Nelson Christensen, Tony Chu, Peter Diener, Nils Dorband, Zachariah B. Etienne, Joshua Faber, Stephen Fairhurst, Benjamin Farr, Sebastian Fischetti, Gianluca Guidi, Lisa M. Goggin, Mark Hannam, Frank Herrmann, Ian Hinder, Sascha Husa, Vicky Kalogera, Drew Keppel, Lawrence E. Kidder, Bernard J. Kelly, Badri Krishnan, Pablo Laguna, Carlos O. Lousto, Ilya Mandel, Pedro Marronetti, Richard Matzner, Sean T. McWilliams, Keith D. Matthews, R. Adam Mercer, Satyanarayan R. P. Mohapatra, Abdul H. Mroué, Hiroyuki Nakano, Evan Ochsner, Yi Pan, Larne Pekowsky, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Denis Pollney, Frans Pretorius, Vivien Raymond, Christian Reisswig, Luciano Rezzolla, Oliver Rinne, Craig Robinson, Christian Röver, Lucía Santamaría, Bangalore Sathyaprakash, Mark A. Scheel, Erik Schnetter, Jennifer Seiler, Stuart L. Shapiro, Deirdre Shoemaker, Ulrich Sperhake, Alexander Stroeer, Riccardo Sturani, Wolfgang Tichy, Yuk Tung Liu, Marc van der Sluys, James R. van Meter, Ruslan Vaulin, Alberto Vecchio, John Veitch, Andrea Viceré, John T. Whelan, Yosef Zlochower
备注：
56 pages, 25 figures; various clarifications; accepted to CQG
The Numerical INJection Analysis (NINJA) project is a collaborative effort between members of the numerical relativity and gravitational-wave data analysis communities. The purpose of NINJA is to study the sensitivity of existing gravitational-wave search algorithms using numerically generated waveforms and to foster closer collaboration between the numerical relativity and data analysis communities. We describe the results of the first NINJA analysis which focused on gravitational waveforms from binary black hole coalescence. Ten numerical relativity groups contributed numerical data which were used to generate a set of gravitational-wave signals. These signals were injected into a simulated data set, designed to mimic the response of the Initial LIGO and Virgo gravitational-wave detectors. Nine groups analysed this data using search and parameter-estimation pipelines. Matched filter algorithms, un-modelled-burst searches and Bayesian parameter-estimation and model-selection algorithms were applied to the data. We report the efficiency of these search methods in detecting the numerical waveforms and measuring their parameters. We describe preliminary comparisons between the different search methods and suggest improvements for future NINJA analyses.
This document describes the new Numerical Relativity (NR) injection infrastructure in the LIGO Algorithms Library (LAL), which henceforth allows for the usage of NR waveforms as a discrete waveform approximant in LAL. With this new interface, NR waveforms provided in the described format can directly be used as simulated GW signals ("injections") for data analyses, which include parameter estimation, searches, hardware injections etc. As opposed to the previous infrastructure, this new interface natively handles sub-dominant modes and waveforms from numerical simulations of precessing binary b…
In this paper, we test the performance of templates in detection and characterization of Spin-orbit resonant (SOR) binaries. We use precessing SEOBNRv3 waveforms as well as {\it four} numerical relativity (NR) waveforms to model GWs from SOR binaries and filter them through IMRPhenomD, SEOBNRv4 (non-precessing) and IMRPhenomPv2 (precessing) approximants. We find that IMRPhenomD and SEOBNRv4 recover only $\sim70\%$ of injections with fitting factor (FF) higher than 0.97 (or 90\% of injections with ${\rm FF} >0.9$).However, using the sky-maxed statistic, IMRPhenomPv2 performs magnificently bette…
We present the FastEMRIWaveforms (FEW) package, a collection of tools to build and analyze extreme mass ratio inspiral (EMRI) waveforms. Here, we expand on the Physical Review Letter that introduced the first fast and accurate fully-relativistic EMRI waveform template model. We discuss the construction of the overall framework; constituent modules; and the general methods used to accelerate EMRI waveforms. Because the fully relativistic FEW model waveforms are for now limited to eccentric orbits in the Schwarzschild spacetime, we also introduce an improved Augmented Analytic Kludge (AAK) model…
Binary-black-hole dynamics cannot be related to the resulting gravitational-wave signal by a constant retarded time. This is due to the non-trivial dynamical spacetime curvature between the source and the signal. In a numerical-relativity simulation there is also some ambiguity in the black-hole dynamics, which depend on the gauge (coordinate) choices used in the numerical solution of Einstein's equations. It has been shown previously that a good approximation to the direction of the binary's time-dependent orbital angular momentum $\mathbf{\hat{L}}(t)$ can be calculated from the gravitational…
We present highly accurate, dimensionally-reduced gravitational waveforms for binary inspirals whose components have large spin-induced quadrupole moments. The spin-induced quadrupole of a body first appears in the phase of a waveform at the early inspiral stage of the binary coalescence, making it a relatively clean probe of the internal structure of the body. However, for objects with large quadrupolar deviations from Kerr, searches using binary black hole (BBH) models would be ineffective. In order to perform a computationally-feasible search, we present two dimensionally-reduced models whi…
Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are flashes of gamma-rays thought to originate from rare forms of massive star collapse (long GRBs), or from mergers of compact binaries (short GRBs) containing at least one neutron star (NS). The nature of the post-explosion / post-merger remnant (NS versus black hole, BH) remains highly debated. In ~50% of both long and short GRBs, the temporal evolution of the X-ray afterglow that follows the flash of gamma-rays is observed to "plateau" on timescales of 100-10000 s since explosion, possibly signaling the presence of energy injection from a long-lived, highly magnetiz…
The global gravitational-wave detector network achieves higher detection rates, better parameter estimates, and more accurate sky localisation, as the number of detectors, $\mathcal{I}$ increases. This paper quantifies network performance as a function of $\mathcal{I}$ for BayesWave, a source-agnostic, wavelet-based, Bayesian algorithm which distinguishes between true astrophysical signals and instrumental glitches. Detection confidence is quantified using the signal-to-glitch Bayes factor, $\mathcal{B}_{\mathcal{S},\mathcal{G}}$. An analytic scaling is derived for $\mathcal{B}_{\mathcal{S},\m…
Enabling gravitational-wave astronomy with spin-precessing black holes on generic orbits
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所（爱因斯坦研究所））；Nottingham Centre of Gravity & School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学重力中心与数学科学学院）；Department of Physics, University of Maryland（马里兰大学物理系）；Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University（康奈尔大学天体物理学与行星科学中心）；Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears（巴利阿里群岛大学物理系）
The sensitivity of gravitational wave searches for binary black holes is estimated via the injection and posterior recovery of simulated gravitational wave signals in the detector data streams. When a search reports no detections, the estimated sensitivity is then used to place upper limits on the coalescence rate of the target source. In order to obtain correct sensitivity and rate estimates, the injected waveforms must be faithful representations of the real signals. Up to date, however, injected waveforms have neglected radiation modes of order higher than the quadrupole, potentially biasin…
We conduct an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves in the LIGO O2 data from the Hanford and Livingston detectors. We search for nearly-monochromatic signals with frequency between 20.0 Hz and 585.15 Hz and spin-down between -2.6e-9 Hz/s and 2.6e-10 Hz/s. We deploy the search on the Einstein@Home volunteer-computing project and follow-up the waveforms associated with the most significant results with eight further search-stages, reaching the best sensitivity ever achieved by an all-sky survey up to 500 Hz. Six of the inspected waveforms pass all the stages but they are all associat…
Ab Initio Real-Time Gravitational-Wave Parameter Estimation
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学天文学研究所）；Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室）；Nikhef（荷兰国家核物理与高能物理研究所）；Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics, Universiteit Utrecht（乌得勒支大学引力与亚原子物理研究所）
A pipeline to search for signatures of line-of-sight acceleration in gravitational wave signals produced by compact binary coalescences
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics（大学间天文与天体物理中心）；Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学加拿大理论天体物理研究所）；Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理学研究所（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦研究所））；Leibniz University Hannover（汉诺威莱布尼茨大学）；Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Stavanger（斯塔万格大学数学与物理系）
We present a new event trigger generator based on the Hilbert-Huang transform, named EtaGen ($η$Gen). It decomposes a time-series data into several adaptive modes without imposing a priori bases on the data. The adaptive modes are used to find transients (excesses) in the background noises. A clustering algorithm is used to gather excesses corresponding to a single event and to reconstruct its waveform. The performance of EtaGen is evaluated by how many injections in the LIGO simulated data are found. EtaGen is viable as an event trigger generator when compared directly with the performance of…
We present ${\tt bajes}$, a parallel and lightweight framework for Bayesian inference of multimessenger transients. ${\tt bajes}$ is a Python modular package with minimal dependencies on external libraries adaptable to the majority of the Bayesian models and to various sampling methods. We describe the general workflow and the parameter estimation pipeline for compact-binary-coalescence gravitational-wave transients. The latter is validated against injections of binary black hole and binary neutron star waveforms, including confidence interval tests that demonstrates the inference is well-cali…
Rapid inference of gravitational-wave signals in the time domain using a heterodyned likelihood
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research（理论科学国际中心，塔塔基础研究所）；Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto（加拿大理论天体物理研究所，多伦多大学）
The signal of continuous gravitational waves has a longer duration than the observation period. Even if the waveform in the source frame is monochromatic, we will observe the waveform with modulated frequencies due to the motion of the detector. If the source location is unknown, a lot of templates having different sky positions are required to demodulate the frequency, and the required huge computational cost restricts the applicable parameter region of coherent search. In this work, we propose and examine a new method to select candidates, which reduces the cost of coherent search by followi…
Scaling RIFT 1: Extending RIFT to third-generation gravitational-wave analyses
Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation, Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院相对论与引力计算中心）；University of Texas, Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；Cardiff University（卡迪夫大学）
We perform a systematic study to explore the accuracy with which the parameters of intermediate-mass black-hole binary systems can be measured from their gravitational wave (GW) signatures using second-generation GW detectors. We make use of the most recent reduced-order models containing inspiral, merger and ringdown signals of aligned-spin effective-one-body waveforms (SEOBNR) to significantly speed up the calculations. We explore the phenomenology of the measurement accuracies for binaries with total masses between 50 and 500 $M_\odot$ and mass ratios between 0.1 and 1. We find that (i) at …
Gravitational wave echoes may provide a smoking gun signal for new physics in the immediate vicinity of black holes. As a quasiperiodic signal in time, echoes are characterized by the nearly constant time delay, and its precise measurement can help reveal a Planck-scale deviation outside of the would-be horizon. Different search methods have been developed for this quasiperiodic signal, while the searches suffer from large theoretical uncertainties of the echo waveform associated with the near-horizon physics. On the other hand, a coherent combination of a large number of pulses gives rise to …
