Giorgio Lucarelli, Ioannis Milis, Vangelis Th. Paschos
We study the weighted generalization of the edge coloring problem where the weight of each color class (matching) equals to the weight of its heaviest edge and the goal is to minimize the sum of the colors' weights. We present a 3/2-approximation algorithm for trees.
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We consider the problem of sampling a proper $k$-coloring of a graph of maximal degree $Δ$ uniformly at random. We describe a new Markov chain for sampling colorings, and show that it mixes rapidly on graphs of bounded treewidth if $k\geq(1+ε)Δ$, for any $ε>0$.
Low-treedepth colorings are an important tool for algorithms that exploit structure in classes of bounded expansion; they guarantee subgraphs that use few colors have bounded treedepth. These colorings have an implicit tradeoff between the total number of colors used and the treedepth bound, and prior empirical work suggests that the former dominates the run time of existing algorithms in practice. We introduce $p$-linear colorings as an alternative to the commonly used $p$-centered colorings. They can be efficiently computed in bounded expansion classes and use at most as many colors as $p$-c…
An optimal algorithm is presented about Conflict-Free Coloring for connected subgraphs of tree of rings. Suppose the number of the rings in the tree is |T| and the maximum length of rings is |R|. A presented algorithm in [1] for a Tree of rings used O(log|T|.log|R|) colors but this algorithm uses O(log|T|+log|R|) colors. The coloring earned by this algorithm has the unique-min property, that is, the unique color is also minimum.
We give an online algorithm that with high probability computes a $\left(\frac{e}{e-1} + o(1)\right)Δ$ edge coloring on a graph $G$ with maximum degree $Δ= ω(\log n)$ under online edge arrivals against oblivious adversaries, making first progress on the conjecture of Bar-Noy, Motwani, and Naor in this general setting. Our algorithm is based on reducing to a matching problem on locally treelike graphs, and then applying a tree recurrences based approach for arguing correlation decay.
In a bounded max-coloring of a vertex/edge weighted graph, each color class is of cardinality at most $b$ and of weight equal to the weight of the heaviest vertex/edge in this class. The bounded max-vertex/edge-coloring problems ask for such a coloring minimizing the sum of all color classes' weights. In this paper we present complexity results and approximation algorithms for those problems on general graphs, bipartite graphs and trees. We first show that both problems are polynomial for trees, when the number of colors is fixed, and $H_b$ approximable for general graphs, when the bound $b$ i…
A coloring of a tree is convex if the vertices that pertain to any color induce a connected subtree; a partial coloring (which assigns colors to some of the vertices) is convex if it can be completed to a convex (total) coloring. Convex coloring of trees arise in areas such as phylogenetics, linguistics, etc. eg, a perfect phylogenetic tree is one in which the states of each character induce a convex coloring of the tree. Research on perfect phylogeny is usually focused on finding a tree so that few predetermined partial colorings of its vertices are convex. When a coloring of a tree is not co…
Finding $b$-colorings Using Feedback Edges
本文研究了基于反馈边数参数的 $b$-着色问题，证明其固定参数可 tractable，并提出基于距离到 co-cluster 的 FPT 算法。
A rooted tree $\vec{R}$ is a rooted subtree of a tree $T$ if the tree obtained by replacing the directed edges of $\vec{R}$ by undirected edges is a subtree of $T$. We study the problem of assigning minimum number of colors to a given set of rooted subtrees $\mathcal{R}$ of a given tree $T$ such that if any two rooted subtrees share a directed edge, then they are assigned different colors. The problem is NP hard even in the case when the degree of $T$ is restricted to $3$. We present a $\frac{5}{2}$-approximation algorithm for this problem. The motivation for studying this problem stems from t…
Minimum Sum Coloring with Bundles in Trees and Bipartite Graphs
本文研究带捆的最小和着色问题，证明其在路径上即 NP-hard，并为树和二分图提供了基于捆数量等条件的固定参数和多项式时间算法。
We study a version of online edge coloring, where the goal is to color as many edges as possible using only a given number, $k$, of available colors. All of our results are with regard to competitive analysis. Previous attempts to identify optimal algorithms for this problem have failed, even for bipartite graphs. Thus, in this paper, we analyze even more restricted graph classes, paths and trees. For paths, we consider $k=2$, and for trees, we consider any $k \geq 2$. We prove that a natural greedy algorithm called First-Fit is optimal among deterministic algorithms, on paths as well as trees…
Tree Coloring: Random Order and Predictions
针对在线着色难题，本文在随机顺序和预测模型下，将树的竞争比改进为对数双因子，并扩展到二色可染图，提供匹配下界，结合两种方法获得更优结果。
We present $O(\log^2 \log n)$ time 3-coloring, maximal independent set and maximal matching algorithms for trees in the Massively Parallel Computation (MPC) model. Our algorithms are deterministic, apply to arbitrary-degree trees and work in the low-space MPC model, where local memory is $O(n^δ)$ for $δ\in (0,1)$ and global memory is $O(m)$. Our main result is the 3-coloring algorithm, which contrasts the randomized, state-of-the-art 4-coloring algorithm of Ghaffari, Grunau and Jin [DISC'20]. The maximal independent set and maximal matching algorithms follow in $O(1)$ time after obtaining the …
In this work, we continue the study of vertex colorings of graphs, in which adjacent vertices are allowed to be of the same color as long as each monochromatic connected component is of relatively small cardinality. We focus on colorings with two and three available colors and present improved bounds on the size of the monochromatic connected components for two meaningful subclasses of planar graphs, namely maximal outerplanar graphs and complete planar 3-trees.
For a fixed number of colors, we show that, in node-weighted split graphs, cographs, and graphs of bounded tree-width, one can determine in polynomial time whether a proper list-coloring of the vertices of a graph such that the total weight of vertices of each color equals a given value in each part of a fixed partition of the vertices exists. We also show that this result is tight in some sense, by providing hardness results for the cases where any one of the assumptions does not hold. The edge-coloring variant is also studied, as well as special cases of cographs and split graphs.
We show two results related to the Hamiltonicity and $k$-Path algorithms in undirected graphs by Björklund [FOCS'10], and Björklund et al., [arXiv'10]. First, we demonstrate that the technique used can be generalized to finding some $k$-vertex tree with $l$ leaves in an $n$-vertex undirected graph in $O^*(1.657^k2^{l/2})$ time. It can be applied as a subroutine to solve the $k$-Internal Spanning Tree ($k$-IST) problem in $O^*(\min(3.455^k, 1.946^n))$ time using polynomial space, improving upon previous algorithms for this problem. In particular, for the first time we break the natural barrier …
Strong spatial mixing (SSM) is a form of correlation decay that has played an essential role in the design of approximate counting algorithms for spin systems. A notable example is the algorithm of Weitz (2006) for the hard-core model on weighted independent sets. We study SSM for the $q$-colorings problem on the infinite $(d+1)$-regular tree. Weak spatial mixing (WSM) captures whether the influence of the leaves on the root vanishes as the height of the tree grows. Jonasson (2002) established WSM when $q>d+1$. In contrast, in SSM, we first fix a coloring on a subset of internal vertices, and …
We present a new algorithm for subsequence matching in grammar compressed strings. Given a grammar of size $n$ compressing a string of size $N$ and a pattern string of size $m$ over an alphabet of size $σ$, our algorithm uses $O(n+\frac{nσ}{w})$ space and $O(n+\frac{nσ}{w}+m\log N\log w\cdot occ)$ or $O(n+\frac{nσ}{w}\log w+m\log N\cdot occ)$ time. Here $w$ is the word size and $occ$ is the number of occurrences of the pattern. Our algorithm uses less space than previous algorithms and is also faster for $occ=o(\frac{n}{\log N})$ occurrences. The algorithm uses a new data structure that allows…
In this paper, we investigate the weighted tree augmentation problem (TAP), where the goal is to augment a tree with a minimum cost set of edges such that the graph becomes two edge connected. First we show that in weighted TAP, we can restrict our attention to trees which are binary and where all the non-tree edges go between two leaves of the tree. We then give two different top-down coloring algorithms. Both algorithms differ from known techniques for a 3/2-approximation in unweighted TAP and current attempts to reach a 3/2-approximation for weighted TAP. The first algorithm we describe alw…
We present $O(\log\log n)$ round scalable Massively Parallel Computation algorithms for maximal independent set and maximal matching, in trees and more generally graphs of bounded arboricity, as well as for constant coloring trees. Following the standards, by a scalable MPC algorithm, we mean that these algorithms can work on machines that have capacity/memory as small as $n^δ$ for any positive constant $δ<1$. Our results improve over the $O(\log^2\log n)$ round algorithms of Behnezhad et al. [PODC'19]. Moreover, our matching algorithm is presumably optimal as its bound matches an $Ω(\log\log …
A square coloring of a graph $G$ is a coloring of the square $G^2$ of $G$, that is, a coloring of the vertices of $G$ such that any two vertices that are at distance at most $2$ in $G$ receive different colors. We investigate the complexity of finding a square coloring with a given number of $q$ colors. We show that the problem is polynomial-time solvable on graphs of bounded treewidth by presenting an algorithm with running time $n^{2^{\operatorname{tw} + 4}+O(1)}$ for graphs of treewidth at most $\operatorname{tw}$. The somewhat unusual exponent $2^{\operatorname{tw}}$ in the running time is…
We propose quasi-stable coloring, an approximate version of stable coloring. Stable coloring, also called color refinement, is a well-studied technique in graph theory for classifying vertices, which can be used to build compact, lossless representations of graphs. However, its usefulness is limited due to its reliance on strict symmetries. Real data compresses very poorly using color refinement. We propose the first, to our knowledge, approximate color refinement scheme, which we call quasi-stable coloring. By using approximation, we alleviate the need for strict symmetry, and allow for a tra…
One way to state the Load Coloring Problem (LCP) is as follows. Let $G=(V,E)$ be graph and let $f:V\rightarrow \{{\rm red}, {\rm blue}\}$ be a 2-coloring. An edge $e\in E$ is called red (blue) if both end-vertices of $e$ are red (blue). For a 2-coloring $f$, let $r'_f$ and $b'_f$ be the number of red and blue edges and let $μ_f(G)=\min\{r'_f,b'_f\}$. Let $μ(G)$ be the maximum of $μ_f(G)$ over all 2-colorings. We introduce the parameterized problem $k$-LCP of deciding whether $μ(G)\ge k$, where $k$ is the parameter. We prove that this problem admits a kernel with at most $7k$. Ahuja et al. (200…
Approximate Minimum Sum Colorings and Maximum $k$-Colorable Subgraphs of Chordal Graphs
本文改进了弦图上最小和染色问题的近似比至$(1.796+ε)$，并首次为弦图的最大$k$-可着色子图问题设计了多项式时间近似方案。
In this paper we introduce and study a new problem named \emph{min-max edge $q$-coloring} which is motivated by applications in wireless mesh networks. The input of the problem consists of an undirected graph and an integer $q$. The goal is to color the edges of the graph with as many colors as possible such that: (a) any vertex is incident to at most $q$ different colors, and (b) the maximum size of a color group (i.e. set of edges identically colored) is minimized. We show the following results: 1. Min-max edge $q$-coloring is NP-hard, for any $q \ge 2$. 2. A polynomial time exact algorithm …
In multi-channel Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN), each node is able to use multiple non-overlapping frequency channels. Raniwala et al. (MC2R 2004, INFOCOM 2005) propose and study several such architectures in which a computer can have multiple network interface cards. These architectures are modeled as a graph problem named \emph{maximum edge $q$-coloring} and studied in several papers by Feng et. al (TAMC 2007), Adamaszek and Popa (ISAAC 2010, JDA 2016). Later on Larjomaa and Popa (IWOCA 2014, JGAA 2015) define and study an alternative variant, named the \emph{min-max edge $q$-coloring}. The ab…
We study the weighted improper coloring problem, a generalization of defective coloring. We present some hardness results and in particular we show that weighted improper coloring is not fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by pathwidth. We generalize bounds for defective coloring to weighted improper coloring and give a bound for weighted improper coloring in terms of the sum of edge weights. Finally we give fixed-parameter algorithms for weighted improper coloring both when parameterized by treewidth and maximum degree and when parameterized by treewidth and precision of edge weights…
We show that the $b$-Coloring problem is complete for the class XNLP when parameterized by the pathwidth of the input graph. Besides determining the precise parameterized complexity of this problem, this implies that b-Coloring parameterized by pathwidth is $W[t]$-hard for all $t$, and resolves the parameterized complexity of $b$-Coloring parameterized by treewidth.
Strong spatial mixing for colorings on trees and its algorithmic applications
本文证明了树上随机染色在 $q \ge Δ+3$ 时满足强空间混合，几乎完全解决了一个长期猜想，并基于谱独立到 SSM 的新归约方法，确立了大周长图上 Glauber 动力学的最优混合。
In the problem of 2-coloring without monochromatic triangles (or triangle-tree 2-coloring), vertices of the simple, connected, undirected graph are colored with either 'black' or 'white' such that there are no 3 mutually adjacent vertices of the same color. In this paper we are positively answering the question posed in our previous work, namely, if there exists an algorithm solving 2-coloring without monochromatic triangles on planar graphs with linear-time complexity.
TreePIR: Efficient Private Retrieval of Merkle Proofs via Tree Colorings with Fast Indexing and Zero Storage Overhead
针对树状数据库的Merkle证明隐私检索问题，提出零存储开销的TreePIR方案，通过新颖的树着色和快速索引算法，在各项指标上显著超越现有基于PBC的方法。
Distributed Edge Coloring with Small Palettes and a Special Case of the Constructive Lovász Local Lemma
该研究在LOCAL模型中分析边着色复杂度，通过简化轮消除技术得出下界，提出基于构造性Lovász局部引理的随机算法，分别针对一般图和树给出了不同调色板大小下的上界时间复杂度。
Optimal Mixing for Randomly Sampling Edge Colorings on Trees Down to the Max Degree
本文证明树上边着色的Glauber动力学在q≥Δ+2时具有O(n)最优松弛时间，并为q=Δ+1情形提出更新相邻边对的替代链，同时给出Δ-正则完全树的混合时间上界。
We introduce a new type of adversary for online graph problems. The new adversary is parameterized by a single integer $κ$, which upper bounds the number of connected components that the adversary can use at any time during the presentation of the online graph $G$. We call this adversary "$κ$ components bounded", or $κ$-CB for short. On one hand, this adversary is restricted compared to the classical adversary because of the $κ$-CB constraint. On the other hand, we seek competitive ratios parameterized only by $κ$ with no dependence on the input length $n$, thereby giving the new adversary pow…
We present fixed parameter tractable algorithms for the conflict-free coloring problem on graphs. Given a graph $G=(V,E)$, \emph{conflict-free coloring} of $G$ refers to coloring a subset of $V$ such that for every vertex $v$, there is a color that is assigned to exactly one vertex in the closed neighborhood of $v$. The \emph{k-Conflict-free Coloring} problem is to decide whether $G$ can be conflict-free colored using at most $k$ colors. This problem is NP-hard even for $k=1$ and therefore under standard complexity theoretic assumptions, FPT algorithms do not exist when parameterised by the so…
Given a graph $G$, a proper $k$-coloring of $G$ is a partition $c = (S_i)_{i\in [1,k]}$ of $V(G)$ into $k$ stable sets $S_1,\ldots, S_{k}$. Given a weight function $w: V(G) \to \mathbb{R}^+$, the weight of a color $S_i$ is defined as $w(i) = \max_{v \in S_i} w(v)$ and the weight of a coloring $c$ as $w(c) = \sum_{i=1}^{k}w(i)$. Guan and Zhu [Inf. Process. Lett., 1997] defined the weighted chromatic number of a pair $(G,w)$, denoted by $σ(G,w)$, as the minimum weight of a proper coloring of $G$. For a positive integer $r$, they also defined $σ(G,w;r)$ as the minimum of $w(c)$ among all proper $…
Solving NP-hard Problems on \textsc{GaTEx} Graphs: Linear-Time Algorithms for Perfect Orderings, Cliques, Colorings, and Independent Sets
本文研究 $\mathsf{GaTEx}$ 图上的 NP-hard 问题，利用 galled-tree 结构作为指导，提出了在线性时间内求解最大团、最优顶点着色、完美排序和最大独立集的算法。
A clique coloring of a graph is an assignment of colors to its vertices such that no maximal clique is monochromatic. We initiate the study of structural parameterizations of the Clique Coloring problem which asks whether a given graph has a clique coloring with $q$ colors. For fixed $q \ge 2$, we give an $\mathcal{O}^{\star}(q^{tw})$-time algorithm when the input graph is given together with one of its tree decompositions of width $tw$. We complement this result with a matching lower bound under the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis. We furthermore show that (when the number of colors is unb…
Proper colorings of a graph in linear time using a number of colors linear in the maximum degree of the graph
本文提出了一种在最大度数线性时间内完成图着色的算法，适用于颜色数目大于3.637Δ+1的情况。
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