Electric dipoles at ultralow temperatures
John L. Bohn
我们简要介绍了描述偶极分子在超冷气体环境中的形式主义。这种处理包括偶极子的量子力学状态，它们产生的电场，以及它们之间的相互作用。
We briefly introduce the formalism for describing dipolar molecules in an ultracold gaseous environment. This treatment includes the quantum mechanical states of the dipoles, the electric fields they produce, and their interactions with one another.
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Suppression of inelastic collisions of polar $^1 Σ$ state molecules in an electrostatic field
极性$^{1}Σ$状态的分子在超低能量的碰撞被认为是，在一个模型，占长程偶极-偶极相互作用，加上旋转的分子。我们预测偶极驱动的非弹性碰撞在高值的施加电场，即，几倍的场值$B_e/μ$的实质性抑制。这里，$B_e$是转动常数，$μ$是分子的电偶极矩。非弹性截面的突然大幅下降归因于分子转动能级之间简并的发生，这极大地改变了散射哈密顿量。由于弹性碰撞率与非弹性碰撞率之比很大，我们预测，如果存在大的偏置电场，蒸发冷却对于处于弱场寻求态的$^{1}Σ$态分子是可行的。
Dipole-dipole interactions between helium atoms in Rydberg-Stark states with principal quantum number $n=53$ and approximately linear Stark energy shifts, resulting from induced electric dipole moments of approximately 7900 D, have been investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed in pulsed supersonic metastable helium beams, with particle number densities of up to $\sim10^9$ cm$^{-3}$. In the presence of amplitude-modulated, radio-frequency electric fields, changes in the spectral intensity distributions associated with the transitions to these states that are attributed to dip…
Dipole-Field Contributions to Geometric-Phase-Induced False Electric-Dipole Moment Signals for Particles in Traps
在较早的出版物中已经表明，施加到阱中的粒子的磁场梯度可以引起拉莫尔频率偏移，该频率偏移可能被错误地解释为电偶极矩（EDM）信号。这项研究现在已经扩展到包括不均匀的磁场梯度，由于存在一个本地的磁偶极子。据发现，在高轨道频率制度，可以提高超出简单的期望的体积平均磁场梯度成比例的位移的幅度。
Spectroscopic observation of resonant electric dipole-dipole interactions between cold Rydberg atoms
利用微波光谱技术观察到了冷里德伯原子之间的共振电偶极-偶极相互作用。用脉冲激光将磁光阱中激光冷却的Rb原子激发到45 d里德堡态。微波脉冲将这些里德伯原子的一部分转移到46 p态。然后，第二个微波脉冲将45 d态的原子驱动到46 d态，并被用作原子间相互作用的探针。发现这种双光子探测跃迁的光谱宽度依赖于46 p原子的存在，并且是由于45 d和46 p里德伯原子之间的共振电偶极-偶极相互作用。
In this article, we have employed relativistic many-body theory to theoretically assess the suitability of TlF+ molecular ion in its ground state for electron electric dipole moment searches. To that end, we have computed values of the effective electric field as well as the molecular permanent electric dipole moment using both configuration interaction and coupled cluster methods with high quality basis sets, followed by an analysis on the role of electron correlation in the considered properties. We find that TlF+ has a large value of effective electric field of about 163 GV/cm, which is abo…
Towards a new measurement of the electron's electric dipole moment
我们提出了一种新的测量电子电偶极矩的进展，使用一束YbF分子。目前采集的数据灵敏度为10^{-27} \sqrt{day}。e.cm
We use the perturbed relativistic coupled-cluster theory to compute the static electric dipole polarizabilities of the singly ionized alkali atoms, namely, Na$^+$, $^+$, Rb$^+$, Cs$^+$ and Fr$^+$. The computations use the Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Hamiltonian with the no-virual-pair approximation and we also estimate the correction to the static electric dipole polarizability arising from the Breit interaction.
Heavy polar diatomic molecules are the primary tools for searching for the T-violating permanent electric dipole moment of the electron (eEDM). Valence electrons in some molecules experience extremely large effective electric fields due to relativistic interactions. These large effective electric fields are crucial to the success of polar-molecule-based eEDM search experiments. Here we report on the results of relativistic ab initio calculations of the effective electric fields in a series of molecules that are highly sensitive to an eEDM, the mercury monohalides (HgF, HgCl, HgBr,and HgI). We …
We propose an experiment to measure the electric dipole moment of the electron using ultracold YbF molecules. The molecules are produced as a thermal beam by a cryogenic buffer gas source, and brought to rest in an optical molasses that cools them to the Doppler limit or below. The molecular cloud is then thrown upward to form a fountain in which the electric dipole moment of the electron is measured.
Electric-field induced dipole blockade with Rydberg atoms
高分辨激光斯塔克激发超冷铯原子的np（60 < n < 85）里德堡态，有效地阻断了长程偶极-偶极相互作用的激发.偶极阻断效应被观察为里德伯激发的淬灭，取决于由外部电场诱导的偶极矩的值。最终的离子，可以匹配偶极封锁效应的影响进行了详细讨论，但排除了我们的实验条件。相互作用的里德伯原子的激发的解析和蒙特卡罗模拟与实验一致，表明最近邻的里德伯原子的主要作用。
Hyperfine-induced electric dipole contributions may significantly increase probabilities of otherwise very weak electric octupole and magnetic quadrupole atomic clock transitions (e.g. transitions between $s$ and $f$ electron orbitals). These transitions can be used for exceptionally accurate atomic clocks, quantum information processing and search for dark matter. They are very sensitive to new physics beyond the Standard Model, such as temporal variation of the fine structure constant, the Lorentz invariance and Einstein equivalence principle violation. We formulate conditions under which th…
We propose to use ferroelectric (Eu,Ba)TiO$_3$ ceramics just above their magnetic ordering temperature for a sensitive electron electric dipole moment search. We have synthesized a number of such ceramics with various Eu concentrations and measured their properties relevant for such a search: permeability, magnetization noise, and ferroelectric hysteresis loops. The results of our measurements indicate that a search for the electron electric dipole moment with Eu$_{0.5}$Ba$_{0.5}$TiO$_3$ should lead to an order of magnitude improvement on the current best limit.
The relativistic theory for the electric dipole moment (EDM) of paramagnetic atoms arising from the electric dipole moment of the electron is presented. A novel approach using the relativistic coupled-cluster method that incorporates the residual Coulomb interaction to all orders and a weak parity and time-reversal violating interaction to one order has been employed in Fr to obtain the enhancement of the EDM of that atom compared to the EDM of the electron. Trends of the different correlation effects and leading contributions from different physical states are discussed. Our result in combina…
The time evolution of a two-level quantum mechanical system can be geometrically described using the Bloch sphere. By mapping the Bloch sphere evolution onto the dynamics of oscillating electric dipoles, we provide a physically intuitive link between classical electromagnetism and the electric dipole transitions of atomic & molecular physics.
Gauge transformation leaves the electric and the magnetic fields unchanged as long as the gauge function is treated classically. In this paper we consider the gauge transformation commonly used to obtain the electric dipole interaction Hamiltonian in a system of dipoles and the electromagnetic field (Goeppert-Mayer transformation) and treat the vector potential that appear in the gauge function as an operator. While it modifies the electric field, the static interaction between the dipoles is derived.
Electric dipole rovibrational transitions in HD molecule
研究了HD分子基态的振转电偶极跃迁。一个简单的，但严格的公式推导出的电偶极矩函数$D(R)$，这是计算在很宽的范围内的$R$的跃迁率。我们的数值结果的过渡率与实验和以前的计算是在适度的协议，但至少是一个数量级更准确。
Electric dipole moments, from e to tau
我们推导出一个上限的电偶极矩（EDM）的τ轻子，这是从电子EDM的精确测量。
Accurate calculations of magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole hyperfine coupling constants of 6 P_{3/2} state of Cesium atom : A Relativistic Coupled Cluster approach
用相对论耦合团簇（RCC）方法计算了^{133} Cs（I= {7/2}）6 P_{3/2}态的磁偶极和电四极超精细耦合常数.据我们所知，对于^{133} Cs（6 P_{3/2}）态，没有先前的电四极超精细CC计算。计算得到的磁偶极子（A）和电四极子（B）的耦合常数与实验符合得很好。
Generation of strong ultralow-phase-noise microwave fields with tunable ellipticity for ultracold polar molecules
本文提出一种稳健的微波装置，实现高电场强度和可调偏振，用于精确控制分子态，从而延长分子寿命并实现深量子退相干。
We use the quantum threshold laws combined with a classical capture model to provide an analytical estimate of the chemical quenching cross sections and rate coefficients of two colliding particles at ultralow temperatures. We apply this quantum threshold model (QT model) to indistinguishable fermionic polar molecules in an electric field. At ultracold temperatures and in weak electric fields, the cross sections and rate coefficients depend only weakly on the electric dipole moment d induced by the electric field. In stronger electric fields, the quenching processes scale as d^{4(L+1/2)} where…
The multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock (MCDHF) method has been employed to calculate atomic electric dipole moments (EDM) of 225^Ra, 199^Hg, and 171^Yb. For the calculations of the matrix elements we extended the relativistic atomic structure package GRASP2K. The extension includes programs to evaluate matrix elements of (P, T)-odd e-N tensor-pseudotensor and pseudoscalar-scalar interactions, the atomic electric dipole interaction, the nuclear Schiff moment, and the interaction of the electron electric dipole moment with nuclear magnetic moments. The interelectronic interactions were accoun…
The electric dipole moments of various neutral elementary particles, such as neutron, neutrinos, certain hypothetical dark matter particles and others, are predicted to exist by the standard model of high energy physics and various extensions of it. However, the predicted values are beyond the present experimental capabilities. We propose to simulate and emulate the electric dipole moment of neutral relativistic particles and the ensuing effects in the presence of electrostatic field by emulation of an extended Dirac equation in ion traps.
We study a hybrid quantum system composed of an ion and an electric dipole. We show how a trapped ion can be used to measure the small electric field generated by a classical dipole. We discuss the application of this scheme to measure the electric dipole moment of cold polar molecules, whose internal state can be controlled with ultrafast laser pulses, by trapping them in the vicinity of a trapped ion.
We have considered a mechanism for inducing a time-reversal violating electric dipole moment (EDM) in atoms through the interaction of a nuclear EDM (d_N) with the hyperfine interaction, the "magnetic moment effect". We have derived the operator for this interaction and presented analytical formulas for the matrix elements between atomic states. Induced EDMs in the diamagnetic atoms 129Xe, 171Yb, 199Hg, 211Rn, and 225Ra have been calculated numerically. From the experimental limits on the atomic EDMs of 129Xe and 199Hg, we have placed the following constraints on the nuclear EDMs, |d_N(129Xe)|…
On shielding of nuclear electric dipole moments in atoms
我们明确地表明，最近的一些计算原子电偶极矩（EDM）是不完整的。其中被忽视的贡献被指出。当包括在内时，它完全取消了这些计算的结果，从而恢复了原子核EDM的标准结论。
In the recent work [Phys. Rev. D 91, 111702(R) (2015)], C. Hill concludes that the axion electromagnetic anomaly induces an oscillating electron electric dipole moment of frequency $m_a$ and strength $\sim 10^{-32}~e$ cm, in the limit $v/c \to 0$ for the axion field. Here, we demonstrate that a proper treatment of this problem in the lowest order yields $\textit{no}$ electric dipole moment of the electron in the same limit. Instead, oscillating electric dipole moments of atoms and molecules are produced by different mechanisms.
Electric dipole moments of diamagnetic atoms of experimental interest are calculated using the relativistic Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximation methods, the many-body perturbation theory and configuration interaction technique. We consider P,T-odd interactions which give rise to atomic electric dipole moment in the second order of the perturbation theory. These include nuclear Schiff moment, P,T-odd electron-nucleon interaction and electron electric dipole moment. Interpretation of a new experimental constraint of a permanent electric dipole moment of $^{199}$Hg [W. C. Griffith {\it et…
Analysis of spin dynamics in storage ring electric-dipole-moment (EDM) experiments ascertains that the use of initial vertical beam polarization allows to cancel spin-dependent systematical errors imitating the EDM effect. While the use of this polarization meets certain difficulties, it should be considered as an alternative or supplementary possibility of fulfilling the EDM experiment.
We propose a new method to produce an electric and magnetic dipolar gas of ultracold dysprosium atoms. The pair of nearly degenerate energy levels of opposite parity, at 17513.33 cm$^{-1}$ with electronic angular momentum $J=10$, and at 17514.50 cm$^{-1}$ with $J=9$, can be mixed with an external electric field, thus inducing an electric dipole moment in the laboratory frame. For field amplitudes relevant to current-day experiments, we predict a magnetic dipole moment up to 13 Bohr magnetons, and an electric dipole moment up to 0.22 Debye, which is similar to the values obtained for alkali-met…
The francium atom is considered as a prospective candidate system to search for the T,P-violating electron electric dipole moment [T. Aoki et al Quantum Sci. Technol. 6, 044008 (2021)]. We demonstrate that the same experiment can be used for axionlike particles (ALP) search. For this, we calculate electronic structure constants of ALP-mediated interaction for a wide range of ALP masses. Using the recently updated constraints on the ALP-electron and ALP-nucleon coupling constants, we show that the contribution of considered interactions corresponding to these constraints can give significant co…
Feasibility of search for nuclear electric dipole moments at ion storage rings
在离子储存环上寻找$β$活性核的电偶极矩（EDM）时，有望获得比$10^{-24} e$ cm高得多的灵敏度。这将是对违反CP问题研究的一个重大进展。
Enhancement of the electron electric dipole moment in gadolinium garnets
考虑了钆石榴石中的电子电偶极矩效应。实验研究这些效应可以使电火花加工的电流上限提高几个数量级。我们提出了一个一致的理论模型，并在钆镓石榴石和钆铁石榴石中进行可观察到的效果的计算。我们的计算同时考虑了直接图和交换图。
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