木卫二和伽利略卫星的起源
Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites
摘要：
木卫二被认为是在木星自身吸积的最后阶段形成的，在一个由气体和固体粒子组成的环行星盘中。我们回顾了形成的伽利略卫星的背景下，目前的限制和理解巨大的行星形成，专注于最近的模型中产生的气体流入木星的最后阶段的环木星吸积盘的卫星生长。在这样一个圆盘中，伽利略卫星的吸积速度很慢，需要10^5年以上，而且是在低压、低气体密度的环境中。卫星和气体盘之间的引力相互作用导致向内的轨道迁移和卫星向木星的丢失。这种效应倾向于选择最大卫星质量和与行星质量相比的共同卫星系统总质量。其中一个推论是，在木星成长的最后阶段，多个卫星系统可能已经形成并消失，伽利略卫星是木星气体流入结束时幸存下来的最后一代。最后，我们讨论开放的问题和影响木卫二的形成条件。
英文摘要：
Europa is believed to have formed near the very end of Jupiter's own accretion, within a circumplanetary disk of gas and solid particles. We review the formation of the Galilean satellites in the context of current constraints and understanding of giant planet formation, focusing on recent models of satellite growth within a circumjovian accretion disk produced during the final stages of gas inflow to Jupiter. In such a disk, the Galilean satellites would have accreted slowly, in more than 10^5 yr, and in a low pressure, low gas density environment. Gravitational interactions between the satellites and the gas disk lead to inward orbital migration and loss of satellites to Jupiter. Such effects tend to select for a maximum satellite mass and a common total satellite system mass compared to the planet's mass. One implication is that multiple satellite systems may have formed and been lost during the final stages of Jupiter's growth, with the Galilean satellites being the last generation that survived as gas inflow to Jupiter ended. We conclude by discussing open issues and implications for Europa's conditions of formation.
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