Antonio Amariti, Alberto Mariotti
We analyze two loop quantum corrections for pseudomoduli in O'Raifeartaigh like models. We argue that R-symmetry can be spontaneously broken at two loop in non supersymmetric vacua. We provide a basic example with this property. We discuss on phenomenological applications.
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We calculate higher-order quantum contributions in different Lorentz-violating parameters to the gauge sector of the extended QED. As a result of this one-loop calculation, some terms which do not produce first-order corrections, contribute with nontrivial gauge-invariant second-order quantum inductions.
We extend to all orders in perturbation theory a method to calculate supersymmetry-breaking effects by analytic continuation of the renormalization group into superspace. A central observation is that the renormalized gauge coupling can be extended to a real vector superfield, thereby including soft breaking effects in the gauge sector. We explain the relation between this vector superfield coupling and the "holomorphic" gauge coupling, which is a chiral superfield running only at 1 loop. We consider these issues for a number of regulators, including dimensional reduction. With this method, th…
We explore the possibility that the Kaluza-Klein graviton states induce electroweak symmetry breaking. We also demonstrate that electroweak symmetry breaking could have a large impact on KK phenomenology.
A new mechanism for symmetry breaking is proposed which naturally avoids the constraints following from the usual theorems of symmetry breaking. In the context of super-symmetry, for example, the breaking may be consistent with a vanishing vacuum energy. A 2+1 dimensional super-symmetric gauge field theory is explicitly shown to break super-symmetry through this mechanism while maintaining a zero vacuum energy. This mechanism may provide a solution to two long standing problems, namely, dynamical super-symmetry breaking and the cosmological constant problem.
We study N=1 global and local supersymmetric theories with a continuous global U(1)_R symmetry. We discuss conditions for supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking and vacuum structures of R-symmetric SUSY models. Especially we find the conditions for R-symmetry breaking and runway vacua in global supersymmetric theories. We introduce explicit R-symmetry breaking terms into such models in global and local supersymmetric theories. We classify explicit R-symmetry breaking terms by the structure of newly appeared SUSY stationary points as a consequence of the R-breaking effect. Based on the generic argument,…
It is proposed that an event that constitutes a quantum measurement corresponds to the spontaneous breaking of a symmetry in the measuring device over time.
We discuss the question of inverse symmetry breaking at non-zero temperature using the exact renormalization group. We study a two-scalar theory and concentrate on the nature of the phase transition during which the symmetry is broken. We also examine the persistence of symmetry breaking at temperatures higher than the critical one.
We calculate the two-loop effective potential of the non-local NJL model derived from the Sakai-Sugimoto model in string theory. In contrast to conventional NJL with 4-fermion contact interaction, the chiral symmetry was previously found to be dynamically broken for arbitrary weak coupling at the one-loop level. As a confirmation, the approximate numerical solutions to the gap equation at one loop are explicitly demonstrated for weak couplings. We then calculate the one and two-loop contribution to the effective potential of the non-local NJL model and found that the two-loop contribution is n…
We analyse descriptions of electroweak symmetry breaking in terms of ultralocal antisymmetric tensor fields and gauge-singlet geometric variables, respectively; in particular, the Weinberg--Salam model and, ultimately, dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking by technicolour theories with enhanced symmetry groups. Our motivation is to unveil the manifestly gauge invariant structure of the different realisations. We find, for example, parallels to different types of torsion.
We study soft SUSY breaking parameters in M-theory with and without 5-brane moduli fields. We investigate successful electroweak symmetry breaking and the positivity of stau mass squared. We study mass spectra in allowed regions.
We present a new picture of global symmetry breaking in quantum field theory and propose a novel realization of symmetry breaking phenomena in terms of the conserved charge associated with its symmetry. In particular, the fermion condensate of the vacuum state is examined when the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking takes place. It is shown that the fermion condensate of the vacuum vanishes if the system is solved exactly, and therefore we cannot make use of the Goldstone theorem. As a perfect example, we present the Bethe ansatz vacuum of the Thirring model which shows the spontaneous chiral…
Supersymmetric Yang-Mills-theories with local gauge coupling have a new type of anomalous breaking, which appears as a breaking of supersymmetry in the Wess-Zumino-gauge. The anomalous breaking generates the two-loop order of the gauge $β$-function in terms of the one-loop $β$-function and the anomaly coefficient. We determine the anomaly coefficient in the Wess-Zumino-gauge by solving the relevant supersymmetry identities. For this purpose we use a background gauge and show that the anomaly coefficient is uniquely determined by convergent one-loop integrals. When evaluating the one-loop diagr…
This paper has been withdrawn, because the argument for generation of Goldstone modes is incorrect.
The equivalence theorem, between the longitudinal gauge bosons and the states eaten up by them in the process of symmetry breaking, is shown to be valid in a class of models where the details of dynamical symmetry breaking makes it obscure.
A nonperturbative approach for spontaneous symmetry breaking is proposed. It is based on some properties of interacting field operators. As the consequences an additional terms like to m^2 A^2 appears in the initial Lagrangian.
This paper consists of an overview of the discussions on chiral symmetry breaking followed by a transcript of the discussions themselves. (Based on discussions at ``Theory of Hadrons and Light-Front QCD,'' Polana Zgorzelisko, Poland, August 1994.)
It is shown that the addition of positive mass-squared terms to asymptotically safe gauge-Yukawa theories with perturbative UV fixed points leads to calculable radiative symmetry breaking in the IR. This phenomenon, and the multiplicative running of the operators that lies behind it, is akin to the radiative symmetry breaking that occurs in the Supersymmetric Standard Model.
We discuss the problem of constructing differential operators for the generalized IBP reduction algorithms at the 2-loop level. A deeply optimized software allows one to efficiently construct such operators for the first non-degenerate 2-loop cases. The most efficient approach is found to be via the so-called partial operators that are much simpler than the complete ones, and that affect the power of only one of the polynomials in the product.
We point out a connection between R symmetry and \susy\ breaking. We show that the existence of an R symmetry is a necessary condition for \susy\ breaking and a spontaneously broken R symmetry is a sufficient condition provided two conditions are satisfied. These conditions are: {\it genericity}, \ie\ the effective Lagrangian is a generic Lagrangian consistent with the symmetries of the theory (no fine tuning), and {\it calculability}, \ie\ the low energy theory can be described by a supersymmetric Wess-Zumino effective Lagrangian without gauge fields. All known models of dynamical supersymmet…
In gauge mediation models with multiple spurion fields breaking SUSY and the R-symmetry separately, we show that it is possible to generate gaugino masses at one loop if the R-charge arrangement satisfies a certain condition. The resulting gaugino masses are calculated and suppressed by some power of the messenger mass scale. We present two simple examples to demonstrate this possibility, and discuss possible phenomenology implications.
We study gauge symmetry breaking patterns in supersymmetric gauge models defined on $M^4\times S^1$. Instead of utilizing the Scherk-Schwarz mechanism, supersymmetry is broken by bare mass terms for gaugino and squarks. Though the matter content is the same, depending on the magnitude of the bare mass, the gauge symmetry breaking patterns are different. We present two examples, in one of which the partial gauge symmetry breaking $SU(3)\to SU(2)\times U(1)$ is realized.
The spatial Wilson loops, string breaking, and AdS/QCD
本文通过AdS/QCD方法研究空间Wilson环中的弦断裂现象，探讨轻味对赝势的影响，并估算空间弦断裂距离。
Models of spontaneous supersymmetry breaking generically have an R-symmetry, which is problematic for obtaining gaugino masses and avoiding light R-axions. The situation is improved in models of metastable supersymmetry breaking, which generically have only an approximate R-symmetry. Based on this we argue, with mild assumptions, that metastable supersymmetry breaking is inevitable. We also illustrate various general issues regarding spontaneous and explicit R-symmetry breaking, using simple toy models of supersymmetry breaking.
A finite temperature and density effect of Wilson loop elements on non-simply connected space is investigated in the model suggested by Hosotani. Using one-loop calculations it is shown that the value of an "order parameter" does not shift as the temperature grows. We find that finite density effect is of much importance for restoration of symmetry.
The discovery of spontaneous symmetry breaking in particle physics was the greatest contribution in Nambu's achievements. There is another class of symmetries that exist in the low energy nature, yet is doomed to be broken at high energy, due to a lack of protection of the gauge symmetry. I shall review our approach to search for this class of symmetry breaking, the lepton number violation linked to generation of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in our universe.
The concept of (global) gauge symmetry breaking plays an important role in many areas of physics. Since the corresponding symmetry is a gauge symmetry, its breaking is actually gauge-dependent. Thus, it is possible to design gauges which restore the symmetry as good as possible. Such gauge constructions will be detailed here, illustrated with the use of lattice gauge theory. Their use will be discussed for the cases of the Higgs effect, high-baryon density color superconductors, and BRST symmetry.
In this book, we review various aspects of the Lorentz symmetry breaking, both classical and quantum ones, with the special interest to perturbative generation of Lorentz-breaking terms. We present impacts of Lorentz symmetry breaking in noncommutative and supersymmetric theories. Also, we discuss the problem of Lorentz symmetry breaking in a curved space-time. The book is closed with a review of experimental studies of Lorentz symmetry breaking.
A very simple mechanism is proposed that stabilizes the orbifold geometry within the context of the Randall-Sundrum proposal for solving the hierarchy problem. The electroweak TeV scale is generated from the Planck scale by spontaneous breaking of the orbifold symmetry
We discuss spontaneous symmetry breaking of dual (space and time) scale invariance in the context of turbulence.
We show that quantum corrections to the effective potential in supersymmetric hybrid inflation can be calculated all the way from the inflationary period - when the Universe is dominated by a false vacuum energy density - till the fields settle down to the global supersymmetric minimum of the potential. These are crucial for getting a continuous description of the evolution of the fields.
In this letter we uncover a new facet of chiral symmetry and the implications of its breaking in some theories. By generalizing the concept of chiral symmetry, tensor theories naturally arise. This novel approach adds to the known uses of tensor theories (quantum gravity, holography, entanglement,etc.) a possible link to QCD phenomena.
In this paper we deal with the issue of Lorentz symmetry breaking in quantum field theories formulated in a non-commutative space-time. We show that, unlike in some recente analysis of quantum gravity effects, supersymmetry does not protect the theory from the large Lorentz violating effects arising from the loop corrections. We take advantage of the non-commutative Wess-Zumino model to illustrate this point.
The splitting in energy of gauge field vacua on the non-simply connected space $S^3/Z_2$ is reconsidered. We show the calculation to the one-loop level for a Yang-Mills vector with a ghost field. We confirm our previous result and give a solution to the question posed by Freire, Romão and Barroso.
On basis of an algebraic analysis of symmetry breaking in general and the Higgs mechanism in the standard model of elementary particles we generalize the concept of symmetry breaking to systems with non-compact groups but not necessarily caused by a potential. Thereto we give some simple, but unfamiliar examples of symmetry breaking with and without potentials. The analysis of the concept of mass in space-time and in the Higgs mechanism will lead to a model unifying both structures in terms of symmetry breaking of GL(2,C).
In this paper, we study a CPT-even Lorentz-breaking extension of the scalar QED. For this theory, we calculate the one-loop lower-order contributions in the Lorentz-violating parameters to the two-point functions of scalar and gauge fields. We found that the two background tensors, coming from the two sectors (scalar and gauge) are mixed in the one-loop corrections both in finite and divergent parts. This shows that these two Lorentz-breaking terms cannot be studied in an isolated form. Besides, the results in the gauge sector are confirmed to be transversal.
A stable non-commutative solution with symmetry breaking is presented for a system of Dp-branes in the presence of a RR (p+5)-form.
In this paper, we will consider the chiral symmetry breaking in the holographic model constructed from the intersecting brane configuration, and investigate the Nambu-Goldstone bosons associated with this symmetry breaking.
For spontaneous breaking of global or gauge symmetry, it is superfluous to assume that the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field manifesting the symmetry is nonvanishing. The vacuum with spontaneous symmetry breaking simply corresponds to nonzero number of particles of one or more components of the real scalar field.
We show that the Bessel equation can be cast, by means of suitable transformations, into a system of two damped/amplified parametric oscillator equations. The relation with the group contraction mechanism is analyzed and the breakdown of loop-antiloop symmetry due to group contraction manifests itself as violation of time-reversal symmetry. A preliminary discussion of the relation between some infinite dimensional loop-algebras, such as the Virasoro-like algebra, and the Euclidean algebras e(2) and e(3) is also presented.
In non-Abelian field theories with q-symmetry groups the massive particles have a non-local interpretation with a stringlike spectrum. It is shown that a massless vector similarly acquires a tower of masses by spontaneous symmetry breaking.
We study the BPS Skyrme model with potentials breaking the isospin symmetry and analyse how properties of exact solitonic solutions depend on a form of the isospin breaking potential. In the case of the strong symmetry breaking a new topologic structure is observed which enables us to decompose a BPS skyrmion into a lower dimensional defect localised on a brane (kink). We investigate some thermodynamical properties of such solitons as well as the role of the symmetry breaking potential in the resulting mean-field equation of state.
With the elements of the Doplicher, Fredenhagen and Roberts (DFR) noncommutative formalism, we have constructed the standard electroweak model. To accomplish this task we have begun with the WM-product basis group of symmetry. We have introduced the spontaneous symmetry breaking and the hypercharge in DFR framework. The electroweak symmetry breaking was analyzed and the masses of the new bosons were computed.
The renormalization of the boundary action in the AdS/CFT correspondence is considered and the breaking of conformal symmetry is discussed.
The problem of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB) in multidimensional quantum electrodynamics (QED) is considered. It is shown that for six-dimensional QED the phenomenon of DSCB exists in ladder model for any coupling.
We obtain the renormalization group(RG) functions for the massless scalar field theory where symmetry breaking occurs radiatively. After obtaining the effective potential for the radiative symmetry breaking scheme from that of the minimal subtraction(MS) scheme by finite transformations for the classical field and coupling constant, we calculate the corresponding change of the RG functions.
We investigate the effect of a constant external non-Abelian field on chiral symmetry breaking in a (2+1)-dimensional Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model and in 3D QCD by solving the gap equation and the Bethe-Salpeter equation, and also by RG analysis. In the (2+1)-dimensional NJL model chiral symmetry breaking occurs for any weak coupling constant but in 3D QCD catalysis of chiral symmetry breaking does not occur.
The concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) generally lacks a simple and intuitive introduction in the literature. This gap is filled by defining SSB in a universal context beyond its usual applications in physics and by discussing some very simple, but stunning examples of the phenomenon.
We study symmetry breaking effects in local D-brane models that arise as a result of compactification, taking models constructed on C^3/Z_3 as prototype. Zero-modes of the Lichnerowicz operator in cone-like geometries have a power law behaviour; thus the leading symmetry breaking effects are captured by the modes with the lowest scaling dimension which transform non-trivially under the isometry group. Combining this with the fact that global symmetries in local models are gauged upon compactification we determine the strength and form of the leading operators responsible for the symmetry break…
The theory of symmetry breaking in presence of gauge fields is presented, following the historical track. Particular emphasis is placed upon the underlying concepts.
New BRST-invariant states for SU(3) gauge field theory are presented. The states have finite norms and unlike the states that are usually used to derive path integrals, they break SU(3) symmetry by choosing preferred gauge directions. This symmetry breaking may also give effective masses to some of the gauge bosons of the theory.
We discuss one of the most interesting phenomena exhibited by baby skyrmions -- breaking of rotational symmetry. The topics we will deal with here include the appearance of rotational symmetry breaking in the static solutions of baby Skyrme models, both in flat as well as in curved spaces, the zero-temperature crystalline structure of baby skyrmions, and finally, the appearance of spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry in rotating baby skyrmions.
We argue that the quartic fermionic potential of five-dimensional Chern-Simons supergravity induces spontaneous symmetry breaking, in a phenomenon bearing a close connection with the Nambu and Jona-Lasinio model.
Symmetry, in particular gauge symmetry, is a fundamental principle in theoretical physics. It is intimately connected to the geometry of fibre bundles. A refinement to the gauge principle, known as ``spontaneous symmetry breaking'', leads to one of the most successful theories in modern particle physics. In this short talk, I shall try to give a taste of this beautiful and exciting concept.
In three dimensional Maxwell-Chern-Simons massless scalar electrodynamics with $ ϕ^6$ coupling, the $U(1)$ symmetry is spontaneously broken at two loop order regardless of the presence or absence of the Maxwell term. Dimensional transmutation takes place in pure Chern-Simons scalar electrodynamics. The beta function for the $ϕ^6$ coupling is independent of gauge couplings.
Treating the gravitational field as a dynamical field, we study the spontaneous symmetry breaking induced by a scalar field under its self-interaction and non-minimal interaction with gravity in four dimensional space-time. In particular, we explore the feasibility of inducing spontaneous symmetry breaking after introducing the non-minimal coupling, and discuss briefly the cosmological constant problem corresponding to the phase transition associated with the spontaneous symmetry breaking.
In this note we study the symmetry-breaking phases of 3D gravity coupled to matter. In particular, we consider black holes with scalar hair as a model of symmetry-breaking phases of a strongly coupled 1+1 dimensional CFT. In the case of a discrete symmetry, we show that these theories admit metastable phases of broken symmetry and study the thermodynamics of these phases. We also demonstrate that the 3D Einstein-Maxwell theory shows continuous symmetry breaking at low temperature. The apparent contradiction with the Coleman-Mermin-Wagner theorem is discussed.
The ideas related to the arrow of time are discussed briefly. I then focus on the prevalent physical mechanism in the evolution of the universe and developments in particle physics, spontaneous symmetry breaking, and show that it explicitly breaks time-reversal symmetry. For simplicity, I do this in a point mechanics gauge theory with symmetry group O(2). The proof of breakdown of time-reversal symmetry relies on the use of a time step function to express the Lagrangian valid for any time.
We extend a result by Ojima on spontaneous symmetry breaking of Lorentz boosts in thermal (KMS) states and show that it is in fact a special case in a more general class of examples of spontaneous symmetry breaking of Lorentz symmetry in relativistic many-body systems. Furthermore we analyse the nature of the corresponding Goldstone phenomenon and the type of Goldstone excitations (provided they have particle character).
A vector model with a hybrid form of spacetime symmetry breaking consisting of explicit diffeomorphism breaking but spontaneous local Lorentz violation is presented. The combined effects of these symmetry breakings give rise to a theory obeying the Einstein-Maxwell equations in a preferred spatially homogeneous and isotropic frame, with photons emerging as massless Nambu-Goldstone modes. Interpretations and possible generalizations of this model are discussed, and comparisons are made to previous models describing photons as Nambu-Goldstone modes.
Entanglement-enabled symmetry-breaking orders
本文提出纠缠使能的对称性破缺序，它无法由张量积态实现，并给出判据及一维精确可解模型实例，其基态具有离散对称性破缺序和无能隙边缘模，并推广至连续对称性破缺情形。
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