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arXiv 0811.1059astro-ph
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斯皮策c2d遗留结果:恒星形成率和效应;演化和寿命

The Spitzer c2d Legacy Results: Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies; Evolution and Lifetimes

Neal J. Evans, Michael M. Dunham, Jes K. Jørgensen, Melissa L. Enoch, Bruno Merín, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Juan M. Alcalá, Philip C. Myers, Karl R. Stapelfeldt, … 展开作者

Neal J. Evans, Michael M. Dunham, Jes K. Jørgensen, Melissa L. Enoch, Bruno Merín, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Juan M. Alcalá, Philip C. Myers, Karl R. Stapelfeldt, Tracy L. Huard, Lori E. Allen, Paul M. Harvey, Tim van Kempen, Geoffrey A. Blake, David W. Koerner, Lee G. Mundy, Deborah L. Padgett, Anneila I. Sargent

摘要:

c2 d斯皮策遗产项目获得了IRAC和MIPS仪器对五个大型附近分子云的图像和测光。本文结合了从单个云的研究中得出的信息,结合和更新的统计分析,恒星形成率和效率,SED类的数量和寿命,以及聚类特性。目前的恒星形成效率在3%到6%之间。加在一起,这五个星云每百万年产生大约260个太阳质量的恒星。恒星形成的表面密度比银河系外研究中使用的肯尼库特关系所预测的要大一个数量级以上。与尘埃连续体发射图探测到的致密气体相比,效率要高得多,目前的致密核心平均将在180万年内耗尽。I类相的衍生寿命为0.44至0.54百万年,比一些估计长得多。同样,0级SED类的寿命为0.10至0.16百万年,比早期估计的要长。绝大多数(90%)的年轻恒星位于松散的星团中,至少有35个成员,恒星密度为每立方pc 1个太阳质量。以声速从一个等温球体在I类阶段的寿命推导出的吸积可以建立一个大约0.25太阳质量的恒星,给定的效率为0.3。我们的数据证实并加剧了原恒星的“光度问题”。我们的研究结果强烈表明,吸积是随时间变化的,与长期的非常低的吸积。基于一个非常简单的模型和这个样本的来源,一颗恒星的一半质量将在只有7%的I类寿命期间被吸积,如八个最明亮的物体所代表的那样。

英文摘要:

(Abridged) The c2d Spitzer Legacy project obtained images and photometry with both IRAC and MIPS instruments for five large, nearby molecular clouds. This paper combines information drawn from studies of individual clouds into a combined and updated statistical analysis of star formation rates and efficiencies, numbers and lifetimes for SED classes, and clustering properties. Current star formation efficiencies range from 3% to 6%. Taken together, the five clouds are producing about 260 solar masses of stars per Myr. The star formation surface density is more than an order of magnitude larger than would be predicted from the Kennicutt relation used in extragalactic studies. Measured against the dense gas probed by the maps of dust continuum emission, the efficiencies are much higher, and the current stock of dense cores would be exhausted in 1.8 Myr on average. The derived lifetime for the Class I phase is 0.44 to 0.54 Myr, considerably longer than some estimates. Similarly, the lifetime for the Class 0 SED class, 0.10 to 0.16 Myr, is longer than early estimates. The great majority (90%) of young stars lie within loose clusters with at least 35 members and a stellar density of 1 solar mass per cubic pc. Accretion at the sound speed from an isothermal sphere over the lifetime derived for the Class I phase could build a star of about 0.25 solar masses, given an efficiency of 0.3. Our data confirm and aggravate the "luminosity problem" for protostars. Our results strongly suggest that accretion is time variable, with prolonged periods of very low accretion. Based on a very simple model and this sample of sources, half the mass of a star would be accreted during only 7% of the Class I lifetime, as represented by the eight most luminous objects.

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