It is demonstrated that, if one remains in the framework of quantum mechanics taken alone, stationary states (energy eigenstates) are in no way singled out with respect to nonstationary ones, and moreover the stationary states would be difficult if possible to realize in practice. Owing to the nonstationary states any quantum system can absorb or emit energy in arbitrary continuous amounts. The peculiarity of the stationary states appears only if electromagnetic radiation that must always accompany nonstationary processes in real systems is taken into account. On the other hand, when the quantum system absorbs or emits energy in the form of a wave the determining role is played by resonance interaction of the system with the wave. Here again the stationary states manifest themselves. These facts and influence of the resonator upon the incident wave enable one to explain all effects ascribed to manifestation of the corpuscular properties of light (the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect etc.) solely on a base of the wave concept of light.
Ongoing fascination with quantum mechanics keeps driving the development of the wide field of quantum-optics, including its neutron-optics branch. Application of neutron-optical methods and, especially, neutron interferometry and polarimetry has a long-standing tradition for experimental investigations of fundamental quantum phenomena. We give an overview of related experimental efforts made in recent years.
High approximations of semiclassical trajectory-coherent states (TCS) and of semiclassical Green function (in the class of semiclassically concentrated states) for the Dirac operator with anomalous Pauli interaction are obtained. For Schrodinger and Dirac operators trajectory-coherent representations are constructed up to any precision with respect to h, h-->0.
The quantum mechanical states of the neutral particle endowed with a magnetic moment in the combination of electromagnetic vortex field together with the constant magnetic field are dealt with. It is shown that this system of fields is capable to capture the particle in the perpendicular direction and guide it along the propagating wave. The quantum evolution is subject to tunneling processes, which can destroy the delicate trapping mechanism. The probability of these processes show that it should be in principle possible to catch and guide the particle for the time of several microseconds. Th…
In this paper, we introduce the theoretical framework underlying our proposed methodology of verification and validation (V&V) for quantum mechanical emission models using analogous macroscopic electromagnetic systems. We derive the correspondence between quantum mechanics and electromagnetism using the transfer matrix approach, and describe the electromagnetic analog that will be used to anchor the atomistic quantum tunneling simulations. Finally, we illustrate this correspondence by comparing the quantum mechanical and electromagnetic systems for some simple, analytically soluble examples an…
We study a hybrid nano-mechanical system coupled to a spin ensemble as a quantum simulator to favor a quantum interference effect, the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This system consists of two nano-mechanical resonators (NAMRs), each of which coupled to a nuclear spin ensemble. It could be regarded as a crucial element in the quantum network of NAMR arrays coupled to spin ensembles. Here, the nuclear spin ensembles behave as a long-lived transducer to store and transfer the NAMRs' quantum information. This system shows the analog of EIT effect under the driving of a probe mic…
In the previous paper (quant-ph/0204037) we proved that the quantum mechanics not only has statistic interpretation, but also the specific electromagnetic form. Here, from this point of view we show that all the formal particularities of Dirac's equation have also the known electromagnetic sense.
Currently, dynamics of a massive macroparticle is given by classical analytical mechanics (CM), while that of a massive micro one is given by quantum mechanics (QM). We propose a mechanics effective for both: We transform, under coordinate transformation, the covariant tensor of order two underlying the kinetic energy term of the Hamilton-Jacobi (H-J) eq. of CM, not with the action of the diffeomorphism group, but with an action of an extended diffeomorphism group. Then, the H-J eq., a first-order partial differential eq., is modified to a third-order one. The Euler-Lagrange eq. of CM, a secon…
We study a general problem of the translational/rotational/vibrational/electronic dynamics of a diatomic molecule exposed to an interaction with an arbitrary external electromagnetic field. The theory developed in this paper is relevant to a variety of specific applications. Such as, alignment or orientation of molecules by lasers, trapping of ultracold molecules in optical traps, molecular optics and interferometry, rovibrational spectroscopy of molecules in the presence of intense laser light, or generation of high order harmonics from molecules. Starting from the first quantum mechanical pr…
We use the system of p-adic numbers for the description of information processes. Basic objects of our models are so called transformers of information, basic processes are information processes, the statistics are information statistics (thus we present a model of information reality). The classical and quantum mechanical formalisms on information p-adic spaces are developed. It seems that classical and quantum mechanical models on p-adic information spaces can be applied for the investigation of flows of information in cognitive and social systems, since a p-adic metric gives quite natural d…
The idea of equivalence of the free electromagnetic phase and quantum-mechanical one is investigated in an attempt to seek modifications of Schrödinger's equation that could realize it. It is assumed that physically valid realizations are compatibile with the U(1)-gauge and Galilean invariance. It is shown that such extensions of the Schrödinger equation do not exist, which also means that despite their apparent similarity the quantum-mechanical phase is essentially different from the electromagnetic one.
Abstract This paper provides elements in support of the random zero-point radiation field (zpf) as an essential ontological ingredient needed to explain distinctive properties of quantum-mechanical systems. We show that when an otherwise classical particle is connected to the zpf, a drastic, qualitative change in the dynamics takes place, leading eventually to the quantum dynamics. In particular, we demonstrate that in parallel with the evolution of the particle canonical variables into quantum operators satisfying the basic commutator \left[\hat{x},\hat{p}\right]=i\hbar, also the field canoni…
In the first part of this work (http://www.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0509044), it was shown that the Klein-Gordon-Maxwell electrodynamics in the unitary gauge allows natural elimination of the particle wave function and describes independent evolution of the electromagnetic field. Therefore, the electromagnetic field can be regarded as the guiding field in the Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics. An extension of those results to the Dirac-Maxwell electrodynamics was less general, but represented at least an interesting toy model of quantum theory. Another model based on the Dirac-Maxwell ele…
We revisit the nonrelativistic problem of a bound, charged particle subject to the random zero-point radiation field (ZPF), with the purpose of revealing the mechanism that takes it from the initially classical description to the final quantum-mechanical one. The combined effect of the ZPF and the radiation reaction force results, after a characteristic time lapse, in the loss of the initial conditions and the concomitant irreversible transition of the dynamics to a stationary regime controlled by the field. In this regime, the canonical variables x,p become expressed in terms of the dipolar r…
It has been shown that the predictions of some new phenomena (e.g., teleportation and cryptography) are based on some assumptions added to the quantum-mechanical model or modifying some of its basic axioms. The hitherto experiments presented as a support of the mentioned phenomena may be hardly regarded as sufficient, as they may be interpreted alternatively on the basis of simple interference processes.
In contrast to wave functions in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics interpreted as probability amplitudes, wave functions in relativistic quantum mechanics have generalized meanings such as charge-density amplitudes, energy-density amplitudes as well as particle-number density amplitudes, etc. Applying electromagnetic field intensities we construct a photon wave function, it corresponds to the (1,0)+(0,1) spinor representation of the electromagnetic field, and can be interpreted as the energy-density amplitude of photons outside a source. In terms of photon wave functions we develop photon wave…
The contemporary controversy about the fundamental obscurity in quantum mechanics keeps on the old one about the aim of science, which was between the founders of the quantum theory. The orthodox quantum mechanics could be created only at the cost of renunciation of reality as the aim of natural science. The description only of phenomena, i.e. results of observation, should not be universal if no one believes that these phenomena are manifestation of a unique reality. Such belief concerning quantum mechanics is quite unacceptable because of irremediably conflict with special relativity. Nevert…
In PT quantum mechanics a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics, that the Hamiltonian must be hermitian, is replaced by another set of requirements, including notably symmetry under PT, where P denotes parity and T denotes time reversal. Here we study the role of boundary conditions in PT quantum mechanics by constructing a simple model that is the PT symmetric analog of a particle in a box. The model has the usual particle in a box Hamiltonian but boundary conditions that respect PT symmetry rather than hermiticity. We find that for a broad class of PT-symmetric boundary conditions the m…
In this article we demonstrate a sense in which the one-particle quantum mechanics (OPQM) and the classical electromagnetic four-potential arise from quantum field theory (QFT). In addition, the classical Maxwell equations are derived from a QFT scattering process, while both classical electromagnetic fields and potentials serve as mathematical tools to approximate the interactions among elementary particles described by QFT physics. Furthermore, a plausible interpretation of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is raised within the QFT framework. We provide a quantum treatment of the source of elect…
A modified lagrangian with causal and retrocausal momenta was used to derive a first causal wave equation and a second retrocausal wave equation using the principle of least action. The retrocausal wave function obtained through this method was found to be equivalent to the complex conjugate of the causal wave function, thus leading to the conclusion that a retrocausal effect is already implicit in quantum mechanics through the means of complex conjugation of the wave function when computing the probability density for a particle. Lastly, the same variational principle was employed with a frac…
Stochastic Electrodynamics (SED) has had success modeling black body radiation, the harmonic oscillator, the Casimir effect, van der Waals forces, diamagnetism, and uniform acceleration of electrodynamic systems using the stochastic zero-point fluctuations of the electromagnetic field with classical mechanics. However the hydrogen atom, with its 1/r potential remains a critical challenge. Cole and Zou in 2003 and Nieuwenhuizen and Liska in 2015 found that the SED field prevented the electron orbit from collapsing into the proton but eventually the atom became ionized. We look at the issues of …
Standard Quantum Mechanics, although successful in terms of calculating and predicting results, is inherently difficult to understand and can suffer from misinterpretation. Entropic Dynamics is an epistemic approach to quantum mechanics based on logical inference. It incorporates the probabilities that naturally arise in situations where there is missing information. The development of Entropic Dynamics involves describing a particle in terms of a probability density, and then following the time evolution of the probability density based on diffusion-like motion and maximization of entropy. He…
The relativistic calculations of the electromagnetic form factors, static moments and lepton decay constant of the $ρ$-meson are given in the framework of the instant form of the relativistic quantum mechanics with different model wave functions. The modified impulse approximation (MIA) is used for the electroweak current operator. MIA provides Lorentz covariance and conservation law for current operators. The developed approach gives the nonzero quadrupole moment due to the relativistic Wigner spin rotation in the $S$-state of the quarks in $ρ$-meson
A quantum system comprising of a monochromatic electromagnetic field coupled to a SQUID ring with sinusoidal non-linearity, is studied. A magnetostatic flux $Φ_{x}$ is also threading the SQUID ring, and is used to control the coupling between the two systems. It is shown that for special values of $Φ_{x}$ the system is strongly coupled. The time evolution of the system is studied. It is shown that exchange of energy takes place between the two modes and that the system becomes entangled. A second quasi-classical model that treats the electromagnetic field classically is also studied. A compari…
We analyze a realistic microscopic model for electronic scattering with the neutral differential delay equations of motion of point charges of the Wheeler-Feynman electrodynamics. We propose a microscopic model according to the electrodynamics of point charges, complex enough to describe the essential physics. Our microscopic model reaches a simple qualitative agreement with the experimental results as regards interference in double-slit scattering and in electronic scattering by crystals. We discuss our model in the light of existing experimental results, including a qualitative disagreement …
Based on the concepts of the quantum field theory of virtual photons as quanta of electromagnetic interaction, we discuss the physical content of the phenomena underlying the principle of quantum uncertainties. We consider the features of the uncertainty relations and the properties of the elementary particles (electrons, protons, etc.) under the conditions of the formation of quantum bound states at atomic and subatomic distances.
Two close parallel mirrors attract due to a small force (Casimir effect) originating from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum uctuations of the electromagnetic field. These vacuum uctuations can also induce motional forces exerted upon one mirror when the other one moves. Here we consider an optomechanical system consisting of two vibrating mirrors coupled to an optical resonator. We find that motional forces can determine noticeable coupling rates between the two spatially separated vibrating mirrors. We show that, by tuning the two mechanical oscillators into resonance, energy is exchanged be…
Classically, electromagnetic pulses are described by real fields that couple to charged matter and propagate causally. We will show here that real fields of the form used in standard classical electromagnetic theory have a quantum mechanical interpretation in which the probability density for a photon to be at x is positive definite and operators representing all of the standard physical observables exist. A covariant alternative to the ω_{k}^{1/2} dependence that appears in most (but not all) presentations of quantum optics and quantum field theory is presented and real scalar one photon adva…
The motion of neutral particles with magnetic moments in an inhomogeneous magnetic field is described in a quantum mechanical framework. The validity of the semi-classical approximations which are generally used to describe these phenomena is discussed. Approximate expressions for the evolution operator are derived and compared to the exact calculations. Focusing and spin-flip phenomena are predicted. The reliability of Stern-Gerlach experiments to measure spin projections is assessed in this framework.
Recent results suggest that quantum mechanical phenomena may be interpreted as a failure of standard probability theory and may be described by a Bayesian complex probability theory.
In this paper, we demonstrate novel relationships between quantum mechanics and the electromagnetic wave equation. In our approach, an invariant interference-dependent electromagnetic quantity, which we call "quantum rest mass", replaces the conventional role of the inertial rest mass. In the ensuing results, photons, during interference, move slower than the speed of light in vacuum, and possess de Broglie wavelength. Further, we use our electromagnetic approach to examine double-slit photon trajectories, and to arrive at the Schrodinger equation's results for a particle in an infinite square…
The path integral formalism gives a very illustrative and intuitive understanding of quantum mechanics but due to its difficult sum over phases one usually prefers Schrödinger's approach. We will show that it is possible to calculate simple quantum phenomena by performing Feynman's sum over all paths staying entirely in real time. Once the propagator is obtained it is particularly easy to get the energy spectrum or the evolution of any wavefunction.
We consider the interaction of a quantum mechanical SQUID ring with a classical resonator (a parallel $LC$ tank circuit). In our model we assume that the evolution of the ring maintains its quantum mechanical nature, even though the circuit to which it is coupled is treated classically. We show that when the SQUID ring is driven by a classical monochromatic microwave source, energy can be transferred between this input and the tank circuit, even when the frequency ratio between them is very large. Essentially, these calculations deal with the coupling between a single macroscopic quantum objec…
The supersymmetric quantum mechanics of a two-dimensional non-relativistic particle subject to external magnetic and electric fields is studied in a superfield formulation and with the typical non-minimal coupling of (2+1) dimensions. Both the N=1 and N=2 cases are contemplated and the introduction of the electric interaction is suitably analysed.
An eigenvalue equation representing symmetric (dual) quantum equation is introduced. The particle is described by two scalar wavefunctions, and two vector wavefunctions. The eigenfunction is found to satisfy the quantum Telegraph equation keeping the form of the particle fixed but decaying its amplitude. An analogy with Maxwellian equations is presented. Massive electromagnetic field will satisfy a quantum Telegraph equation instead of a pure wave equation. This equation resembles the motion of the electromagnetic field in a conducting medium. With a particular setting of the scalar and vector…
We study an analogue of the equations describing TE and TM modes in a planar waveguide with an arbitrary continuous dependence of the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability on coordinates with the stationary Schrödinger equation. The effective potential energies involved in the Schrödinger equation for TE and TM modes are found. In general, the effective potential energies for TE and TM modes are different but in the limit of a weak dependence of the permittivity and permeability on coordinates they coincide. In the case when the product of a position-dependent permittivity and permea…
Light in a dielectric medium moves slower than in vacuum. The corresponding electromagnetic field equations are then no longer invariant under ordinary Lorentz transformations, but only under such transformations corresponding to this reduced velocity. Based on this physical symmetry, an effective theory for low-energy electromagnetic phenomena in dielectrics is constructed. It has none of the problems of the old formulations of Minkowski and Abraham. Dispersion in the optical regime and the Kerr effect arise in a natural way from higher order interaction terms. The effective field theory is q…
Motivated by a number of recent experiments, we discuss in this paper a speculative but physically admissible form and solutions of effective Maxwell-like equations describing propagation of electromagnetic field in a medium which ``feels'' a quantum preferred frame.
There were many attempts to geometrize electromagnetic field and find out new interpretation for quantum mechanics formalism. The distinctive feature of this work is that it combines geometrization of electromagnetic field and geometrization of material field within the unique topological idea. According to the suggested topological interpretation, the Dirac equations for a free particle and for a hydrogen atom prove to be the group--theoretical relations that account for the symmetry properties of localized microscopic deviations of the space--time geometry from the pseudoeuclidean one (close…
Quantum mechanics describes successfully numerous quantum phenomena both microscopic and macroscopic, such as superconductivity. But the controversies about quantum mechanics, in the old days and present day, reveal fundamental obscurity in quantum mechanics. In this work reader attention is drawn first of all to the fact that the orthodox description of superconductivity and some other quantum phenomena uses the realistic interpretation of the wave function proposed by Schrodinger whereas the controversies take place until the present about the positivistic interpretation proposed by Born. Ca…
Many wave phenomena are related to interactions. Considering once neglected interactions in some cases, states of large objects and Newton's idea about measurement, we attempt to modify some concepts and principles of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Our modifications may help one to understand some typical quantum phenomena with near classical and intuitive ideas without changing past correct results, may mediate some contradictions logically, and then may partially perfect non-relativistic quantum mechanics. We also give a review of the argument between Einstein and Bohr about non-relativ…
Cavity optomechanical phenomena, such as cooling, amplification or optomechanically induced transparency, emerge due to a strong imbalance in the dissipation rates of the parametrically coupled electromagnetic and mechanical resonators. Here we analyze the reversed dissipation regime where the mechanical energy relaxation rate exceeds the energy decay rate of the electromagnetic cavity. We demonstrate that this regime allows for mechanically-induced amplification (or cooling) of the electromagnetic mode. Gain, bandwidth, and added noise of this electromagnetic amplifier are derived and compare…
We give a systematic treatment of the quantum mechanics of a spin zero particle in a combined electromagnetic field and a weak gravitational field, which is produced by a slow moving matter source. The analysis is based on the Klein-Gordon equation expressed in generally covariant form and coupled minimally to the electromagnetic field. The Klein-Gordon equation is recast into Schroedinger equation form (SEF), which we then analyze in the non-relativistic limit. We include a discussion of some rather general observable physical effects implied by the SEF, concentrating on gravitomagnetism. Of …
In this paper, we discuss biological effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields in the context of cancer biology. In particular, we review the nanomechanical properties of microtubules (MTs), the latter being one of the most successful targets for cancer therapy. We propose an investigation on the coupling of electromagnetic radiation to mechanical vibrations of MTs as an important basis for biological and medical applications. In our opinion optomechanical methods can accurately monitor and control the mechanical properties of isolated MTs in a liquid environment. Consequently, studying nanomecha…
