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arXiv 0810.2584astro-ph
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原始气体巨行星周围行星盘形成的热效应

Thermal Effects of Circumplanetary Disk Formation around Proto-Gas Giant Planets

Masahiro N. Machida

摘要:

利用三维流体动力学模拟研究了原行星系统的绕行星盘的形成和角动量的吸积。原行星盘中原行星周围的局部区域被认为具有足够的空间分辨率:从希尔球外到木星半径的区域被嵌套网格方法覆盖。为了研究行星盘的热效应,采用了各种状态方程。原行星周围巨大的热能轻微地改变了环行星盘的结构。与采用等温状态方程的模型相比,在采用绝热状态方程的模型中,原行星的气体包层延伸得更远,并且在原行星附近出现了略厚的圆盘。然而,不同的状态方程并不影响角动量的获取过程的原行星系统。因此,系统获得的特定角动量仅作为原行星质量的函数。总角动量的很大一部分有助于环行星盘的形成。这个圆盘只在非常靠近原行星的致密区域形成。将结果应用于太阳系,原木星和土星的致密盘分别在r < 21 rJ(r < 0.028 rHJ)和r < 66 rS(r < 0.061 rHS)区域,其中rJ(rHJ)和rS(rHS)分别为木星和土星(Hill)半径。由于原行星的离心力和重力之间的平衡,表面密度在这些区域有一个峰值。这些圆盘的大小与环绕木星和土星的常规卫星的最外层轨道相当。规则的卫星可能形成在围绕原始气体巨行星的致密盘中。

英文摘要:

The formation of a circumplanetary disk and accretion of angular momentum onto a protoplanetary system are investigated using 3D hydrodynamical simulations. The local region around a protoplanet in a protoplanetary disk is considered with sufficient spatial resolution: the region from outside the Hill sphere to the Jovian radius is covered by the nested-grid method. To investigate the thermal effects of the circumplanetary disk, various equations of state are adopted. Large thermal energy around the protoplanet slightly changes the structure of the circumplanetary disk. Compared with a model adopting an isothermal equation of state, in a model with an adiabatic equation of state, the protoplanet's gas envelope extends farther, and a slightly thick disk appears near the protoplanet. However, different equations of state do not affect the acquisition process of angular momentum for the protoplanetary system. Thus, the specific angular momentum acquired by the system is fitted as a function only of the protoplanet's mass. A large fraction of the total angular momentum contributes to the formation of the circumplanetary disk. The disk forms only in a compact region in very close proximity to the protoplanet. Adapting the results to the solar system, the proto-Jupiter and Saturn have compact disks in the region of r < 21 r_J (r < 0.028 r_HJ) and r < 66 r_S (r < 0.061 r_HS), respectively, where r_J (r_HJ) and r_S (r_HS) are the Jovian and Saturnian (Hill) radius, respectively. The surface density has a peak in these regions due to the balance between centrifugal force and gravity of the protoplanet. The size of these disks corresponds well to the outermost orbit of regular satellites around Jupiter and Saturn. Regular satellites may form in such compact disks around proto-gas giant planets.

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