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arXiv 0809.5051astro-ph
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用H2O谱线发射冷却稠密气体及其在形成球粒激波中的作用

Cooling of Dense Gas by H2O Line Emission and an Assessment of its Effects in Chondrule-Forming Shocks

M. A. Morris, S. J. Desch, F. J. Ciesla

摘要:

我们认为气体的密度适合于原行星盘,并计算其冷却的能力,由于线辐射的气体内的水分子。我们的工作遵循了Neufeld & Kaufman(1993; ApJ,418,263)的工作,在几个关键方面扩展了他们的工作,包括使用更扩展的线数据库,改进的逃逸概率公式,以及包含可以吸收线光子的尘埃颗粒。虽然逃逸概率正式依赖于一个复杂的组合的光学深度的线和尘埃颗粒,我们表明,包括灰尘的冷却速率是很好的近似无尘冷却速率乘以一个简单的函数的灰尘光学深度。我们将尘埃气体混合物的冷却速率应用于与陨石球粒(陨石中发现的毫米级熔滴)形成有关的太阳星云激波的情况。我们的目的是评估线冷却是否可以忽略球粒形成冲击,或者如果它必须包括在内。我们发现,对于典型的参数,H2O线冷却关闭几分钟过去的冲击前,线光子,否则可能会逃离冲击区和冷却气体将被吸收的尘埃颗粒。然而,在冲击波过去的第一分钟左右,线光子将以约10,000 K/hr的速度冷却气体,使气体(很可能是气体中的球粒)的温度下降数百K。因此,在星云激波形成球粒的模型中,必须包括H2O线冷却。

英文摘要:

We consider gas at densities appropriate to protoplanetary disks and calculate its ability to cool due to line radiation emitted by H2O molecules within the gas. Our work follows that of Neufeld & Kaufman (1993; ApJ, 418, 263), expanding on their work in several key aspects, including use of a much expanded line database, an improved escape probability formulism, and the inclusion of dust grains, which can absorb line photons. Although the escape probabilities formally depend on a complicated combination of optical depth in the lines and in the dust grains, we show that the cooling rate including dust is well approximated by the dust-free cooling rate multiplied by a simple function of the dust optical depth. We apply the resultant cooling rate of a dust-gas mixture to the case of a solar nebula shock pertinent to the formation of chondrules, millimeter-sized melt droplets found in meteorites. Our aim is to assess whether line cooling can be neglected in chondrule-forming shocks or if it must be included. We find that for typical parameters, H2O line cooling shuts off a few minutes past the shock front; line photons that might otherwise escape the shocked region and cool the gas will be absorbed by dust grains. During the first minute or so past the shock, however, line photons will cool the gas at rates ~ 10,000 K/hr, dropping the temperature of the gas (and most likely the chondrules within the gas) by several hundred K. Inclusion of H2O line cooling therefore must be included in models of chondrule formation by nebular shocks.

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