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arXiv 0810.4014astro-ph
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相对论性无碰撞激波中的辐射冷却。模拟和实验能探测相关的GRB物理学吗?

Radiative cooling in relativistic collisionless shocks. Can simulations and experiments probe relevant GRB physics?

Mikhail V. Medvedev, Anatoly Spitkovsky

摘要:

我们解决的问题是否数值粒子在细胞(PIC)模拟和实验室激光等离子体实验可以(或将能够,在不久的将来)模拟现实的伽马射线暴(GRB)冲击。为此,我们比较了相对论性电子在冲击磁场中的辐射冷却时间t_cool与无碰撞相对论性冲击的微观动力学时间--质子的等离子体频率倒数ω_pp^{-1}。我们得到,对于t_cool*omega_pp^{-1} \lesssim ~几百,电子在激波跳跃处或附近有效地冷却,并且能够发射出大部分的激波能量。这种冲击在现有的PIC模拟中得到了很好的解决,因此可以详细研究微观结构。由于这种激波中的大部分辐射来自激波附近,因此可以直接从有限长度的模拟中获得辐射的光谱功率,并与观测数据进行比较。这种辐射冲击对应于内部重子为主的伽玛暴冲击的常规范围内的喷出物参数。在这种冲击中,电子的费米加速受到电子冷却的限制,因此发射的光谱应该缺乏非热尾,而其峰值可能落在多MeV范围内。顺便说一句,内部冲击的条件几乎与激光产生的等离子体中的条件相同;因此,可以使用目前可用的拍瓦级激光设备在实验室实验中创建和研究这种GRB样等离子体。分析表明,只有高度相对论性的冲击,对应于极早的余辉阶段,可以有有效的电子冷却的冲击过渡。我们强调辐射PIC模拟的重要性,为进一步的研究。

英文摘要:

We address the question of whether numerical particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations and laboratory laser-plasma experiments can (or will be able to, in the near future) model realistic gamma-ray burst (GRB) shocks. For this, we compare the radiative cooling time, t_cool, of relativistic electrons in the shock magnetic fields to the microscopic dynamical time of collisionless relativistic shocks -- the inverse plasma frequency of protons, omega_pp^{-1}. We obtain that for t_cool*omega_pp^{-1}\lesssim ~few hundred, the electrons cool efficiently at or near the shock jump and are capable of emitiing away a large fraction of the shock energy. Such shocks are well-resolved in existing PIC simulations; therefore, the microscopic structure can be studied in detail. Since most of the emission in such shocks would be coming from the vicinity of the shock, the spectral power of the emitted radiation can be directly obtained from finite-length simulations and compared with observational data. Such radiative shocks correspond to the internal baryon-dominated GRB shocks for the conventional range of ejecta parameters. Fermi acceleration of electrons in such shocks is limited by electron cooling, hence the emitted spectrum should be lacking a non-thermal tail, whereas its peak likely falls in the multi-MeV range. Incidentally, the conditions in internal shocks are almost identical to those in laser-produced plasmas; thus, such GRB-like plasmas can be created and studied in laboratory experiments using the presently available Petawatt-scale laser facilities. An analysis of the external shocks shows that only the highly relativistic shocks, corresponding to the extremely early afterglow phase, can have efficient electron cooling in the shock transition. We emphasize the importance of radiative PIC simulations for further studies.

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