We study geometrical properties of interfaces in the random-temperature q-states Potts model as an example of a conformal field theory weakly perturbed by quenched disorder. Using conformal perturbation theory in q-2 we compute the fractal dimension of Fortuin Kasteleyn domain walls. We also compute it numerically both via the Wolff cluster algorithm for q=3 and via transfer-matrix evaluations. We obtain numerical results for the fractal dimension of spin cluster interfaces for q=3. These are found numerically consistent with the duality kappa(spin) * kappa(FK)= 16 as expressed in putative SLE parameters.
We report a numerical study of the bond-diluted 2-dimensional Potts model using transfer matrix calculations. For different numbers of states per spin, we show that the critical exponents at the random fixed point are the same as in self-dual random-bond cases. In addition, we determine the multifractal spectrum associated with the scaling dimensions of the moments of the spin-spin correlation function in the cylinder geometry. We show that the behaviour is fully compatible with the one observed in the random bond case, confirming the general picture according to which a unique fixed point des…
We numerically examine the large-q asymptotics of the q-state random bond Potts model. Special attention is paid to the parametrisation of the critical line, which is determined by combining the loop representation of the transfer matrix with Zamolodchikov's c-theorem. Asymptotically the central charge seems to behave like c(q) = 1/2 log_2(q) + O(1). Very accurate values of the bulk magnetic exponent x_1 are then extracted by performing Monte Carlo simulations directly at the critical point. As q -> infinity, these seem to tend to a non-trivial limit, x_1 -> 0.192 +- 0.002.
The fixed point structure of the 2D 3-state random-bond Potts model with a bimodal ($\pm$J) distribution of couplings is for the first time fully determined using numerical renormalization group techniques. Apart from the pure and T=0 critical fixed points, two other non-trivial fixed points are found. One is the critical fixed point for the random-bond, but unfrustrated, ferromagnet. The other is a bicritical fixed point analogous to the bicritical Nishimori fixed point found in the random-bond frustrated Ising model. Estimates of the associated critical exponents are given for the various fi…
We present results of a numerical simulation of the $q$-state random bond Potts model in two dimensions and for large $q$. In particular, care is taken to study the crossover from the pure model to the random model, as well as the crossover from the percolation to the random model. We show how to determine precisely the random fixed point and measure critical exponents at this point.
We numerically calculate the exponent for the disorder averaged and fixed-sample decay of the energy-energy correlator in the q-state random-bond Potts model. Our results are in good agreement with a two-loop expansion (cond-mat/9910181) around q=2 recently found from perturbative renormalisation group techniques, fulfill the correlation length bound ν>= 2/d, and give further evidence against replica symmetry breaking in this class of models.
Numerical simulations on the total mass, the numbers of bonds on the hull, external perimeter, singly connected bonds and gates into large fjords of the Fortuin-Kasteleyn clusters for two-dimensional q-state Potts models at criticality are presented. The data are found consistent with the recently derived corrections-to-scaling theory. However, the approach to the asymptotic region is slow, and the present range of the data does not allow a unique identification of the exact correction exponents
We study the critical behavior of the q-state Potts model with random ferromagnetic couplings. Working with the cluster representation the partition sum of the model in the large-q limit is dominated by a single graph, the fractal properties of which are related to the critical singularities of the random Potts model. The optimization problem of finding the dominant graph, is studied on the square lattice by simulated annealing and by a combinatorial algorithm. Critical exponents of the magnetization and the correlation length are estimated and conformal predictions are compared with numerical…
We present results of Monte Carlo simulations of random bond Potts models in two dimensions, for different numbers of Potts states, q. We introduce a simple scheme which yields continuous self-dual distributions of the interactions. As expected, we find multifractal behavior of the correlation functions at the critical point and obtain estimates of the exponent eta_n for several moments, n, of the correlation functions, including typical (n -> 0), average (n=1) and others. In addition, for q=8, we find that there is only a single correlation length exponent describing the correlation length aw…
We study the two-dimensional Potts model on the square lattice in the presence of quenched random-bond impurities. For q>4 the first-order transitions of the pure model are softened due to the impurities, and we determine the resulting universality classes by combining transfer matrix data with conformal invariance. The magnetic exponent beta/nu varies continuously with q, assuming non-Ising values for q>4, whereas the correlation length exponent nu is numerically consistent with unity. We present evidence for the correctness of a formerly proposed phase diagram, unifying pure, percolative and…
Using CFT techniques, we compute the disorder-averaged p-th power of the spin-spin correlation function for the ferromagnetic random bonds Potts model. We thus generalize the calculation of Dotsenko, Dotsenko and Picco, where the case p=2 was considered. Perturbative calculations are made up to the second order in epsilon (epsilon being proportional to the central charge deviation of the pure model from the Ising model value). The explicit dependence of the correlation function on $p$ gives an upper bound for the validity of the expansion, which seems to be valid, in the three-states case, onl…
We derive high-temperature series expansions for the free energy and the susceptibility of random-bond $q$-state Potts models on hypercubic lattices using a star-graph expansion technique. This method enables the exact calculation of quenched disorder averages for arbitrary uncorrelated coupling distributions. Moreover, we can keep the disorder strength $p$ as well as the dimension $d$ as symbolic parameters. By applying several series analysis techniques to the new series expansions, one can scan large regions of the $(p,d)$ parameter space for any value of $q$. For the bond-diluted 4-state P…
In this short note, we present supporting evidence for the replica symmetric approach to the random bond q-state Potts models. The evidence is statistically strong enough to reject the applicability of the Parisi replica symmetry breaking scheme to this class of models. The test we use is a generalization of one formerly proposed by Dotsenko et al. and consists in measuring scaling laws of disordered-averaged moments of the spin-spin correlation functions. Numerical results, obtained via Monte Carlo simulations for several values of q, are shown to be in fair agreement with the replica symmetr…
We consider the two-dimensional random bond $q$-state Potts model within the recently introduced exact framework of scale invariant scattering, exhibit the line of stable fixed points induced by disorder for arbitrarily large values of $q$, and examine the renormalization group pattern for $q>4$, when the transition of the pure model is first order.
Large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of the bond-diluted three-dimensional 4-state Potts model are performed. The phase diagram and the physical properties at the phase transitions are studied using finite-size scaling techniques. Evidences are given for the existence of a tricritical point dividing the phase diagram into a regime where the transitions remain of first order and a second regime where the transitions are softened to continuous ones by the influence of disorder. In the former regime, the nature of the transition is essentially clarified through an analysis of the energy probabilit…
The self-dual random-bond eight-state Potts model is studied numerically through large-scale Monte Carlo simulations using the Swendsen-Wang cluster flipping algorithm. We compute bulk and surface order parameters and susceptibilities and deduce the corresponding critical exponents at the random fixed point using standard finite-size scaling techniques. The scaling laws are suitably satisfied. We find that a belonging of the model to the 2D Ising model universality class can be conclusively ruled out, and the dimensions of the relevant bulk and surface scaling fields are found to take the valu…
We consider the random-bond Potts model in the large-$Q$ limit and calculate the excess entropy, $S_Γ$, of a contour, $Γ$, which is given by the mean number of Fortuin-Kasteleyn clusters which are crossed by $Γ$. In two dimensions $S_Γ$ is proportional to the length of $Γ$, to which - at the critical point - there are universal logarithmic corrections due to corners. These are calculated by applying techniques of conformal field theory and compared with the results of large scale numerical calculations. The central charge of the model is obtained from the corner contributions to the excess ent…
We study the effect of varying strength, $δ$, of bond randomness on the phase transition of the three-dimensional Potts model for large $q$. The cooperative behavior of the system is determined by large correlated domains in which the spins points into the same direction. These domains have a finite extent in the disordered phase. In the ordered phase there is a percolating cluster of correlated spins. For a sufficiently large disorder $δ>δ_t$ this percolating cluster coexists with a percolating cluster of non-correlated spins. Such a co-existence is only possible in more than two dimensions. …
We present a numerical study of 2D random-bond Potts ferromagnets. The model is studied both below and above the critical value $Q_c=4$ which discriminates between second and first-order transitions in the pure system. Two geometries are considered, namely cylinders and square-shaped systems, and the critical behavior is investigated through conformal invariance techniques which were recently shown to be valid, even in the randomness-induced second-order phase transition regime Q>4. In the cylinder geometry, connectivity transfer matrix calculations provide a simple test to find the range of d…
The two-dimensional q-state Potts model is subjected to a Z_q symmetric disorder that allows for the existence of a Nishimori line. At q=2, this model coincides with the +/- J random-bond Ising model. For q>2, apart from the usual pure and zero-temperature fixed points, the ferro/paramagnetic phase boundary is controlled by two critical fixed points: a weak disorder point, whose universality class is that of the ferromagnetic bond-disordered Potts model, and a strong disorder point which generalizes the usual Nishimori point. We numerically study the case q=3, tracing out the phase diagram and…
In this report we give an overview on recent results obtained from extensive Monte Carlo (MC) computer simulations of the 3D 2-state (Ising) and 4-state Potts models with bond-dilution. The motivation to study the 4-state Potts model derives from the fact that, in the pure case, this model is known to exhibit a fairly strong first-order transition, such that a disorder-induced softening to a second-order transition would give clear support of the theoretical expectations. Modeling the disorder by bond-dilution enables in the Ising case a test of the expected universality with respect to the ty…
A convenient way to study phase transitions of finite spins systems of linear size $L$ is to fix boundary conditions that impose the presence of a system-size interface. In this paper, we study the statistical properties of such an interface in a disordered Potts ferromagnet in dimension $d=2$ within Migdal-Kadanoff real space renormalization. We first focus on the interface free-energy and energy to measure the singularities of the average and random contributions, as well as the corresponding histograms, both in the low-temperature phase and at criticality. We then consider the critical beha…
We discuss recently generated high-temperature series expansions for the free energy and the susceptibility of random-bond q-state Potts models on hypercubic lattices. Using the star-graph expansion technique quenched disorder averages can be calculated exactly for arbitrary uncorrelated coupling distributions while keeping the disorder strength p as well as the dimension d as symbolic parameters. We present analyses of the new series for the susceptibility of the Ising (q=2) and 4-state Potts model in three dimensions up to order 19 and 18, respectively, and compare our findings with results …
The statistical properties of random lattice knots, the topology of which is determined by the algebraic topological Jones-Kauffman invariants was studied by analytical and numerical methods. The Kauffman polynomial invariant of a random knot diagram was represented by a partition function of the Potts model with a random configuration of ferro- and antiferromagnetic bonds, which allowed the probability distribution of the random dense knots on a flat square lattice over topological classes to be studied. A topological class is characterized by the highest power of the Kauffman polynomial inva…
We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of two different Potts glass models with short range random interactions. In the first model a \pm J-distribution of the bonds is chosen, in the second model a Gaussian distribution. In both cases the first two moments of the distribution are chosen to be J_0=-1, Delta J=+1, so that no ferromagnetic ordering of the Potts spins can occur. We find that for all temperatures investigated the spin glass susceptibility remains finite, the spin glass order parameter remains zero, and that the specific heat has only a smooth Schottky-like peak. These r…
We study the dynamics of the q-state random bond Potts ferromagnet on the square lattice at its critical point by Monte Carlo simulations with single spin-flip dynamics. We concentrate on q=3 and q=24 and find, in both cases, conventional, rather than activated, dynamics. We also look at the distribution of relaxation times among different samples, finding different results for the two q values. For q=3 the relative variance of the relaxation time tau at the critical point is finite. However, for q=24 this appears to diverge in the thermodynamic limit and it is ln(tau) which has a finite relat…
We report a transfer matrix study of the random bond $q-$state Potts model in the vicinity of the Ising model $q=2$. We draw attention to a precise determination of magnetic scaling dimensions in order to compare with perturbative results. Universality is checked by the computation of the spin-spin correlation function decay exponent obtained with different types of probability distributions of the coupling strengths. Our numerical data, compared to perturbative results for the second moment of the correlation function, obtained with both replica symmetry and replica symmetry breaking schemes,…
We consider two models with disorder dominated critical points and study the distribution of clusters which are confined in strips and touch one or both boundaries. For the classical random bond Potts model in the large-q limit we study optimal Fortuin-Kasteleyn clusters by combinatorial optimization algorithm. For the random transverse-field Ising chain clusters are defined and calculated through the strong disorder renormalization group method. The numerically calculated density profiles close to the boundaries are shown to follow scaling predictions. For the random bond Potts model we have …
To address some physical properties of percolating systems it can be useful to know the degree distributions in finite clusters along with their size distribution. Here we show that to achieve this aim for classical bond percolation one can use the $q \to 1$ limit of suitably modified q-state Potts model. We consider a version of such model with the additional complex variables and show that its partition function gives generating function for the size and degree distribution in this limit. We derive this distribution analytically for bond percolation on Bethe lattice and complete graph. The p…
We consider the critical behavior of the random q-state Potts model in the large-q limit with different types of disorder leading to either the nonfrustrated random ferromagnet regime or the frustrated spin glass regime. The model is studied on the diamond hierarchical lattice for which the Migdal-Kadanoff real-space renormalization is exact. It is shown to have a ferromagnetic and a paramagnetic phase and the phase transition is controlled by four different fixed points. The state of the system is characterized by the distribution of the interface free energy P(I) which is shown to satisfy di…
Learning Potts Models and $Z_3$ Toric Codes: Higher and Ordinary Nishimori Criticality
University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）；University of Cologne（科隆大学）；The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)（香港科技大学（广州））
The ground-state of an infinite-range Potts glass-type model with +/- J bonds and unrestricted number of states is used to investigate coalition formation. As a function of the q probability of +J bonds in the system it is found that the r relative size of the largest cluster (a cluster being the group of elements in the same state) shows a percolation like behavior. By a simple renormalization approach and several optimization methods we investigate the r(q) curves for finite systems sizes. Non-trivial consequences for social percolation problems are discussed.
The effects of bond randomness on the universality aspects of the simple cubic lattice ferromagnetic Blume-Capel model are discussed. The system is studied numerically in both its first- and second-order phase transition regimes by a comprehensive finite-size scaling analysis. We find that our data for the second-order phase transition, emerging under random bonds from the second-order regime of the pure model, are compatible with the universality class of the 3d random Ising model. Furthermore, we find evidence that, the second-order transition emerging under bond randomness from the first-or…
We study the two-dimensional +/-J Ising model, three-state Potts model and four-state Potts model, by the numerical transfer matrix method to investigate the behaviour of the sample-to-sample fluctuations of the internal energy on the Nishimori line. The result shows a maximum at the multicritical point in all the models we investigated. The large sample-to-sample fluctuations of the internal energy as well as the existence of a singularity in these fluctuations imply that the bond configuration (or, equivalently, the distribution of frustrated plaquettes) may be experiencing a non-trivial cha…
Predicting the hydrogen bond strength from water reorientation dynamics at short timescales
University of Paderborn（帕德博恩大学）；University of Duisburg-Essen（杜伊斯堡-埃森大学）；Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf（德累斯顿-罗森多夫赫尔姆霍兹中心）；Technische Universität Dresden（德累斯顿工业大学）
