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疏散星团深MMT凌日巡天M37 IV:小至0.3 R_J的恒星与行星比例的极限

Deep MMT Transit Survey of the Open Cluster M37 IV: Limit on the Fraction of Stars With Planets as Small as 0.3 R_J

J. D. Hartman, B. S. Gaudi, M. J. Holman, B. A. McLeod, K. Z. Stanek, J. A. Barranco, M. H. Pinsonneault, S. Meibom, J. S. Kalirai

摘要:

本文介绍了在6.5mMMT上用Megacam宽视场镶嵌CCD相机对中等年龄的疏散星团M37(NGC 2099)进行的深(15 < r < 23)20夜凌日行星巡天的结果。我们在观测到的1450个星团成员中没有发现任何凌日行星。然而,我们确实发现了一颗周期为0.77天的~ 1 R_J候选行星凌日~ 0.8Msun银河系场星。该震源较弱(V = 19.85等),预计速度半振幅K ~ 220 m/s(M/M_J)。我们进行Monte Carlo过境注入和恢复模拟计算的95%置信度上限的部分集群成员和场星的行星作为行星半径和轨道周期的函数。假设轨道周期呈均匀对数分布,我们发现<1.1%、< 2.7%和< 8.3%的星团成员在极热木星内有1.0RJ的行星(EHJ,0.4 < T < 1.0天)、甚热木星(VHJ,1.0 < T < 3.0天)和热木星(HJ,3.0 < T < 5.0天)周期范围分别。对于0.5R_J的行星,EHJ和VHJ周期范围的上限小于3.2%,而对于0.35R_J的行星,EHJ周期范围的上限小于25%。对于7814颗主要由FGKM矮星组成的银河系场恒星样本,假设候选行星不是真实的,我们对RJEHJ、VHJ和HJ为1.0的恒星比例设定了95%的上限,分别为<0.3%、< 0.8%和< 2.7%。如果候选者是真实的,那么在95%的置信度下,EHJ周期范围内~ 1.0R_J行星的出现频率为0.002% < f_EHJ < 0.5%。在EHJ周期范围内,对0.5 RJ行星的限制分别为<1.4%、< 8.8%和< 47%,对0.3 RJ行星的限制分别为< 16%。这是第一次对像海王星这样小的行星的恒星比例进行限制的凌日调查。

英文摘要:

We present the results of a deep (15 ~< r ~< 23), 20 night survey for transiting planets in the intermediate age open cluster M37 (NGC 2099) using the Megacam wide-field mosaic CCD camera on the 6.5m MMT. We do not detect any transiting planets among the ~1450 observed cluster members. We do, however, identify a ~ 1 R_J candidate planet transiting a ~ 0.8 Msun Galactic field star with a period of 0.77 days. The source is faint (V = 19.85 mag) and has an expected velocity semi-amplitude of K ~ 220 m/s (M/M_J). We conduct Monte Carlo transit injection and recovery simulations to calculate the 95% confidence upper limit on the fraction of cluster members and field stars with planets as a function of planetary radius and orbital period. Assuming a uniform logarithmic distribution in orbital period, we find that < 1.1%, < 2.7% and < 8.3% of cluster members have 1.0 R_J planets within Extremely Hot Jupiter (EHJ, 0.4 < T < 1.0 day), Very Hot Jupiter (VHJ, 1.0 < T < 3.0 days) and Hot Jupiter (HJ, 3.0 < T < 5.0 days) period ranges respectively. For 0.5 R_J planets the limits are < 3.2%, and < 21% for EHJ and VHJ period ranges, while for 0.35 R_J planets we can only place an upper limit of < 25% on the EHJ period range. For a sample of 7814 Galactic field stars, consisting primarily of FGKM dwarfs, we place 95% upper limits of < 0.3%, < 0.8% and < 2.7% on the fraction of stars with 1.0 R_J EHJ, VHJ and HJ assuming the candidate planet is not genuine. If the candidate is genuine, the frequency of ~ 1.0 R_J planets in the EHJ period range is 0.002% < f_EHJ < 0.5% with 95% confidence. We place limits of < 1.4%, < 8.8% and < 47% for 0.5 R_J planets, and a limit of < 16% on 0.3 R_J planets in the EHJ period range. This is the first transit survey to place limits on the fraction of stars with planets as small as Neptune.

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