Jean Paul Mbelek
The empirical formula proposed by J. D. Anderson et al. [1] to reproduce the data on the Earth flyby anomalies is derived from special relativity (SR). The transverse Doppler shift together with the addition of velocities account for the Doppler data. Time dilation together with the addition of velocities account for the ranging data.
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Recently, Anderson et al. published an empirical prediction formula for the so far unexplained parts of the velocity changes of spacecrafts during Earth flybys. In the framework of a perturbational approach, we show that there is no velocity-independent force field of the Earth - in addition to its Newtonian gravity field - that is to reproduce this formula. However, we give examples for fields modeling exactly the flyby anomaly which are quadratic functions of the velocity of the spacecraft.
The so-called flyby anomaly is a yet unexplainable velocity jump measured at several Earth flybys of spacecraft. Known physical effects could be excluded as source of this anomaly. In order to model a possible new physical effect, empirical equations were proposed by Busack (2007) and Anderson et al. (2007), which gave quite good description of all measured anomalies. Some theories were suggested deriving the Anderson formula or a similar one. The recent two Earth flybys of the spacecraft Rosetta showed no measurable anomaly, although the Anderson formula predicted distinct effects for both fl…
In 2008 a group of NASA scientists reported an anomalous change in the speed of six spacecraft flybys of the Earth. The reported speed change for the NEAR spacecraft flyby is 13.46+-0.01 mm/s. It is known that general relativity theory reduces to classical time-retarded electromagnetic field theory in the linearized approximation. This report shows that time-retarded field theory applied to the Earth's transverse gravitational field gives rise to a small change in the speed of a spacecraft during a flyby. The speed change depends on the time dependence of the transverse gravitational field, wh…
Close planetary flybys are frequently employed as a technique to place spacecraft on extreme solar system trajectories that would otherwise require much larger booster vehicles or may not even be feasible when relying solely on chemical propulsion. The theoretical description of the flybys, referred to as gravity assists, is well established. However, there seems to be a lack of understanding of the physical processes occurring during these dynamical events. Radio-metric tracking data received from a number of spacecraft that experienced an Earth gravity assist indicate the presence of an unex…
In a reference frame fixed to the solar system's center of mass, a satellite's energy will change as it is deflected by a planet. But a number of satellites flying by Earth have also experienced energy changes in the Earth-centered frame -- and that's a mystery.
We continue our exploration of whether the flyby anomalies can be explained by scattering of spacecraft nucleons from dark matter gravitationally bound to the earth. We formulate and analyze a simple model in which inelastic and elastic scatterers populate shells generated by the precession of circular orbits with normals tilted with respect to the earth's axis. Good fits to the data published by Anderson et al. are obtained.
We propose the concept of a space mission to probe the so called flyby anomaly, an unexpected velocity change experienced by some deep-space probes using earth gravity assists. The key feature of this proposal is the use of GNSS systems to obtain an increased accuracy in the tracking of the approaching spacecraft, mainly near the perigee. Two low-cost options are also discussed to further test this anomaly: an add-on to an existing spacecraft and a dedicated mission.
Testing Black Holes with Interstellar Missions: II. Flyby Probes
研究星际任务测试黑洞的可行性，第一篇假设航天器可减速，第二篇在此基础上研究利用飞越探测器在航天器不减速时测试黑洞，评估其对研究黑洞及测试广义相对论的作用。
Applying Newtonian dynamics in five dimensions rather than four, to a universe that is closed, isotropic and expanding,suggests that under certain circumstances an additional and previously unidentified acceleration, a_A, can arise affecting the four dimensional motion of spacecraft. The two cases of this acceleration being either real or virtual are considered. In the real case, simple estimates of a_A are shown to be in partial agreement with reported acceleration anomalies from several Earth flybys and from the Pioneer spacecraft. However, these estimates do not fully reconcile with radio D…
We show that the anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer 10/11 spacecraft can be explained if there is some mirror gas or mirror dust in our solar system.
In 2007, the observed Earth flyby anomalies have been successfully simulated using an empirical formula (H. J. Busack, 2007). This simulation has led to the prediction of anomaly values, to be expected for the Rosetta flybys of Mars in 2007, and following twice of Earth in 2007 and 2009. While the data for the Mars flyby are yet under evaluation, the predictions of the formula for the last two Earth flybys of Rosetta are fully confirmed now. This is remarkable, since an alternatively proposed formula (Anderson et al., 2007) failed to predict the correct values for the recent flybys. For the Me…
All anomalous velocity increases until now observed during the Earth flybys of the spacecrafts Galileo, NEAR, Rosetta, Cassini and Messenger have been correctly calculated by computer simulation using an asymmetric field term in addition to the Newtonian gravitational field. The specific characteristic of this term is the lack of coupling to the rotation of the Earth or to the direction of other gravitational sources such as the Sun or Moon. Instead, the asymmetry is oriented in the direction of the Earth's motion within an assumed unique reference frame. With this assumption, the simulation r…
Data of six flybys, those of Galileo I, Galileo II, NEAR, Cassini, Rosetta and Messenger were reported by Anderson et al \citep{Anderson}. Four of them: Galileo I, NEAR, Rosetta and Messenger gain Newtonian energy during the flyby transfer, while Galileo II and Cassini lose energy. This is, in both cases, a surprising anomaly since Newtonian forces derive from a potential and they are, therefore, conservative. We show here that the gravitational field of a rotating planet as derived from a new model introduces a non conservative force that gives a partial, but in our opinion satisfactory, expl…
Tidal distension of spacecraft electronics due to spin and solar and galactic gravitation elegantly explains all variations in the anomaly reported by Anderson et al. Contrary to their conclusion, a constant residue seems to be present in lunar, terrestrial, and possibly planetary measurements, posing a problem of wider, more fundamental significance.
We investigate qualitatively and quantitatively the impact of the general relativistic gravito-electromagnetic forces on hyperbolic orbits around a massive spinning body. The gravito-magnetic field, which is the cause of the well known Lense-Thirring precessions of elliptic orbits, is generated by the spin S of the central body. It deflects and displaces the trajectories differently according to the mutual orientation of S and the orbital angular momentum L of the test particle. The gravito-electric force, which induces the Einstein precession of the perihelion of the orbit of Mercury, always …
There are at least four unexplained anomalies connected with astrometric data. Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that when a spacecraft on a flyby trajectory approaches the Earth within 2000 km or less, it often experiences a change in total orbital energy per unit mass. Next, a secular change in the astronomical unit AU is definitely a concern. It is increasing by about 15 cm yr$^{-1}$. The other two anomalies are perhaps less disturbing because of known sources of nongravitational acceleration. The first is an apparent slowing of the two Pioneer spacecraft as they exit the solar system…
This is an updated introductory review of 2 possible gravitational anomalies that has attracted part of the Scientific community: the Allais effect that occur during solar eclipses, and the Pioneer 10 spacecraft anomaly, experimented also by Pioneer 11 and Ulysses spacecrafts. It seems that, to date, no satisfactory conventional explanation exist to these phenomena, and this suggests that possible new physics will be needed to account for them. The main purpose of this review is to announce 3 other new measurements that will be carried on during the 2005 solar eclipses in Panama and Colombia (…
The Lense-Thirring precession of the longitude of perihelion of Mercury, as predicted by general relativity by using the value of the Sun's angular momentum S = 190 x 10^39 kg m^2 s^-1 from helioseismology, is -2.0 milliarcseconds per century, computed in a celestial equatorial reference frame. It disagrees at 4-σ level with the correction 0.4 +/- 0.6 milliarcseconds per century to the standard Newtonian/Einsteinian precession, provided that the latter is to be entirely attributed to frame-dragging. The supplementary precession was recently determined in a global fit with the INPOP10a ephemeri…
The current knowledge of Mercury orbit has mainly been gained by direct radar ranging obtained from the 60s to 1998 and by five Mercury flybys made by Mariner 10 in the 70s, and MESSENGER made in 2008 and 2009. On March 18, 2011, MESSENGER became the first spacecraft to orbit Mercury. The radioscience observations acquired during the orbital phase of MESSENGER drastically improved our knowledge of the orbit of Mercury. An accurate MESSENGER orbit is obtained by fitting one-and-half years of tracking data using GINS orbit determination software. The systematic error in the Earth-Mercury geometr…
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