We give a direct tensor decomposition for any density matrix into Hermitian operators. Based upon the decomposition we study when the mixed states are separable and generalize the separability indicators to multi-partite states and show that a density operator is separable if and only if the separable indicator is non-negative. We then derive two bounds for the separable indicator in terms of the spectrum of the factor operators in the tensor summands.
For an N-partite quantum system we show that separability implies inequalities on Bell correlations which are stronger than the local reality inequalities by a factor 2^{(N-1)/2}.
In this paper, we mainly discuss the separability of $n$-partite quantum states from elements of density matrices. Practical separability criteria for different classes of $n$-qubit and $n$-qudit quantum states are obtained. Some of them are also sufficient conditions for genuine entanglement of $n$-partite quantum states. Moreover, one of the resulting criteria is also necessary and sufficient for a class of $n$-partite states.
We develop separability criteria to identify non-$k$-separability $(k = 2,3,\ldots,n)$ and genuine multipartite entanglement in different classes of mixed $n$-partite quantum states using elements of density matrices. With the help of these criteria, we detect non-$k$-separability in $n$-qudit GHZ and W states respectively added with white noise. We also discuss the experimental implementation of our criteria by means of local observables.
We give a new separability criterion, a necessary condition for separability of $N$-partite quantum states. The criterion is based on the Bloch representation of a $N$-partite quantum state and makes use of multilinear algebra, in particular, the matrization of tensors. Our criterion applies to {\it arbitrary} $N$-partite quantum states in $\mathcal{H}=\mathcal{H}^{d_1}\otimes \mathcal{H}^{d_2} \otimes ... \otimes \mathcal{H}^{d_N}.$ The criterion can test whether a $N$-partite state is entangled and can be applied to different partitions of the $N$-partite system. We provide examples that sho…
We study the norms of the Bloch vectors for arbitrary $n$-partite quantum states. A tight upper bound of the norms is derived for $n$-partite systems with different individual dimensions. These upper bounds are used to deal with the separability problems. Necessary conditions are presented for $\mathbf m$-separable states in $n$-partite quantum systems. Based on the upper bounds, classification of multipartite entanglement is illustrated with detailed examples.
The separability detecting problem of mixed states is one of the fundamental problems in quantum information theory. In the last 20 years, almost all methods are based on the sufficient or necessary conditions for entanglement. However, in this paper, we only need one algorithm to solve the problem. We propose a tensor optimization method to check whether an $m$-partite quantum mixed state is separable or not and give a decomposition for it if it is. We first convert the separability discrimination problem of mixed states to the positive Hermitian decomposition problem of Hermitian tensors. Th…
The partial separability of multipartite qubit density matrixes is strictly defined. We give a reduction way from N-partite qubit density matrixes to bipartite qubit density matrixes, and prove a necessary condition that a N-partite qubit density matrix to be partially separable is its reduced density matrix to satisfy PPT condition.
We investigate the detection of entanglement in $n$-partite quantum states. We obtain practical separability criteria to identify genuinely entangled and non-separable mixed quantum states. No numerical optimization or eigenvalue evaluation is needed, and our criteria can be evaluated by simple computations involving components of the density matrix. We provide examples in which our criteria perform better than all known separability criteria. Specifically, we are able to detect genuine $n$-partite entanglement which has previously not been identified. In addition, our criteria can be used in …
In this paper, we discuss the partial separability and its criteria problems of multipartite qubit mixed-states. First we strictly define what is the partial separability of a multipartite qubit system. Next we give a reduction way from N-partite qubit density matrixes to bipartite qubit density matrixes, and prove a necessary condition that a N-partite qubit mixed-state to be partially separable is its reduction to satisfy the PPT condition. PACC numbers: 03.67.Mn; 03.65.Ud; 03.67.Hk
In this paper, we consider a system of homogeneous algebraic equations in complex variables and their conjugates, which arise naturally from the range criterion for separability of PPT states. We examine systematically these equations to get sufficient conditions for the existence of nontrivial solutions. This gives us possible upper bounds of ranks of PPT entangled edge states and their partial transposes. We will focus on the multi-partite cases which are much more delicate than the bi-partite cases. We use the notion of permanents of matrices as well as techniques from algebraic geometry th…
We derive hierarchies of separability criteria that identify the different degrees of entanglement ranging from bipartite to genuine multi-partite in mixed quantum states of arbitrary size.
We derive a combinatorial criterion for detecting k-separability of N-partite Dicke states. The criterion is efficiently computable and implementable without full state tomography. We give examples in which the criterion succeeds, where known criteria fail.
The detection of multipartite entanglement in arbitrary dimensional systems is investigated. We derive useful $k$-separability criteria of mixed $n$-partite ($n\geq 3$) quantum states to detect $k$-nonseparable $n$-partite quantum states. Our criteria can be expressed by the elements of the density matrix, which allows a simple and practical evaluation and computation. They are experimentally accessible without quantum state tomography.
We derive tight quadratic inequalities for all kinds of hybrid separable-inseparable $n$-particle density operators on an arbitrary dimensional space. This methodology enables us to truly derive a tight quadratic inequality as tests for full $n$-partite entanglement in various Bell-type correlation experiments on the systems that may not be identified as a collection of qubits, e.g., those involving photons measured by incomplete detectors. It is also proved that when the two measured observables are assumed to precisely anti-commute, a stronger quadratic inequality can be used as a witness of…
A decomposition form is introduced in this report to establish a criterion for the bi-partite separability of Bell diagonal states. A such criterion takes a quadratic form of the coefficients of a given Bell diagonal states and can be derived via a simple algorithmic calculation of its invariants. In addition, the criterion can be extended to a quantum system of higher dimension.
Identifying the $k$-partite entanglement and $k$-nonseparability of general $N$-partite quantum states are fundamental issues in quantum information theory. By use of computable inequalities of nonlinear operators, we present some simple and powerful $k$-partite entanglement and $k$-nonseparability criteria that works very well and allow for a simple and inexpensive test for the whole hierarchy of $k$-partite entanglement and $k$-separability of $N$-partite systems with $k$ running from $N$ down to 2. We illustrate their strengths by considering several examples in which our criteria perform b…
We study separability criteria in multipartite quantum systems of arbitrary dimensions by using the Bloch representation of density matrices. We first derive the norms of the correlation tensors and obtain the necessary conditions for separability under partition of tripartite and four-partite quantum states. Moreover, based on the norms of the correlation tensors,we obtain the separability criteria by matrix method. Using detailed examples, our results are seen to be able to detect more entangled states than previous studies. Finally, necessary conditions of separability for multipartite syst…
In tri-partite systems, there are three basic biseparability, $A$-$BC$, $B$-$CA$ and $C$-$AB$ biseparability according to bipartitions of local systems. We begin with three convex sets consisting of these basic biseparable states in the three qubit system, and consider arbitrary iterations of intersections and/or convex hulls of them to get convex cones. One natural way to classify tri-partite states is to consider those convex sets to which they belong or do not belong. This is especially useful to classify partial entanglement of mixed states. We show that the lattice generated by those thre…
After introducing the partially separable concept, we proved the equivalence between the partial separability of a given $m$-partite subsystem with $m$ qubits and the purity of states of this $m$-partite subsystem for a pure state in multipartite systems with arbitrary finite $n(>m)$ qubits. Furthermore, we give out the operational realizations (corollaries) of our theorem, which are the sufficient and necessary criterions of partial separability of states and can be used to classification of states. Our results are helpful to understand and describe quantum entanglement in multipartite system…
It is pointed out that separability problem for arbitrary multi-partite states can be fully solved by a finite size, elementary recursive algorithm. In the worse case scenario, the underlying numerical procedure, may grow doubly exponentially with the state's rank. Nevertheless, we argue that for generic states, analysis of concurrence matrices essentially reduces the task of solving separability problem in $m \times n$ dimensions to solving a set of linear equations in about $\binom{mn+D-1}{D}$ variables, where $D$ decreases with $mn$ and for large $mn$ it should not exceed 4. Moreover, the s…
We consider the concept of "the permutationally invariant (PI) part of a density matrix," which has proven very useful for both efficient quantum state estimation and entanglement characterization of $N$-qubit systems. We show here that the concept is, in fact, basis-dependent, but that this basis dependence makes it an even more powerful concept than has been appreciated so far. By considering the PI part $ρ^{\rm PI}$ of a general (mixed) $N$-qubit state $ρ$, we obtain: (i) strong bounds on quantitative nonseparability measures, (ii) a whole hierarchy of multi-partite separability criteria (o…
We investigate classification and detection of entanglement of multipartite quantum states in a very general setting, and obtain efficient $k$-separability criteria for mixed multipartite states in arbitrary dimensional quantum systems. These criteria can be used to distinguish $n-1$ different classes of multipartite inseparable states and can detect many important multipartite entangled states such as GHZ states, W states, anti W states, and mixtures thereof. They detect $k$-nonseparable $n$-partite quantum states which have previously not been identified. Here $k=2,3,\cdots,n$. No optimizati…
We study the concurrence for arbitrary N-partite W-class states based on the (N-1)-partite partitions of subsystems by taking account to the structures of W-class states. By using the method of permutation and combination we give analytical formula of concurrence and some elegant relations between the multipartite concurrence and the (N-1)-partite concurrence for arbitrary multipartite W-class states. Applying these relations we present better lower bounds of concurrence for multipartite mixed states. An example is given to demonstrate that our lower bounds can detect more entanglements.
We discuss the question of entanglement versus separability of pure quantum states in direct product Hilbert spaces and the relevance of this issue to physics. Different types of separability may be possible, depending on the particular factorization or split of the Hilbert space. A given orthonormal basis set for a Hilbert space is defined to be of type (p,q) if p elements of the basis are entangled and q are separable, relative to a given bi-partite factorization of that space. We conjecture that not all basis types exist for a given Hilbert space.
We analyze the distinguishability norm on the states of a multi-partite system, defined by local measurements. Concretely, we show that the norm associated to a tensor product of sufficiently symmetric measurements is essentially equivalent to a multi-partite generalisation of the non-commutative 2-norm (aka Hilbert-Schmidt norm): in comparing the two, the constants of domination depend only on the number of parties but not on the Hilbert spaces dimensions. We discuss implications of this result on the corresponding norms for the class of all measurements implementable by local operations and …
There is a remarkable interest in the study of Out-of-time ordered correlators (OTOCs) that goes from many body theory and high energy physics to quantum chaos. In this latter case there is a special focus on the comparison with the traditional measures of quantum complexity such as the spectral statistics, for example. The exponential growth has been verified for many paradigmatic maps and systems. But less is known for multi-partite cases. On the other hand the recently introduced Wigner separability entropy (WSE) and its classical counterpart (CSE) provide with a complexity measure that tre…
We give an introduction to the theory of multi-partite entanglement. We begin by describing the "coordinate system" of the field: Are we dealing with pure or mixed states, with single or multiple copies, what notion of "locality" is being used, do we aim to classify states according to their "type of entanglement" or to quantify it? Building on the general theory of multi-partite entanglement - to the extent that it has been achieved - we turn to explaining important classes of multi-partite entangled states, including matrix product states, stabilizer and graph states, bosonic and fermionic G…
General physical background of Peres-Horodecki positive partial transpose (ppt-) separability criterion is revealed. Especially, the physical sense of partial transpose operation is shown to be equivalent to the "local causality reversal" (LCR-) procedure for all separable quantum systems or to the uncertainty in a global time arrow direction in all entangled cases. Using these universal causal considerations the heuristic causal separability criterion has been proposed for arbitrary $ D^{N} \times D^{N}$ density matrices acting in $ \mathcal{H}_{D}^{\otimes N} $ Hilbert spaces which describe …
We construct quantum gate entangler for general multipartite states based on topological unitary operators. We show that these operators can entangle quantum states if they satisfy the separability condition that is given by the complex multi-projective Segre variety. We also in detail discuss the construction of quantum gate entangler for higher dimensional bipartite and three-partite quantum systems.
We derive a hierarchy of separability criteria for multi-mode continuous variable systems. They permit to study in a unified way the k-partite entanglement of broad classes of Gaussian and non- Gaussian states. With specific examples we demonstrate the strength of the criteria, and, we discuss their assessment based on data obtained from Gaussian measurements.
We investigate conditions on a finite set of multi-partite product vectors for which separable states with corresponding product states have unique decomposition, and show that this is true in most cases if the number of product vectors is sufficiently small. In the three qubit case, generic five dimensional spaces give rise to faces of the convex set consisting of all separable states, which are affinely isomorphic to the five dimensional simplex with six vertices. As a byproduct, we construct three qubit entangled PPT edge states of rank four with explicit formulae. This covers those entangl…
Teleporting an unknown qubit state is a paradigmatic quantum information processing task revealing the advantage of quantum communication protocols over their classical counterpart. For a teleportation protocol using a Bell state as quantum channel, the resource has been identified to be the concurrence. However, for mixed multi-partite states the lack of computable entanglement measures has made the identification of the quantum resource responsible for this advantage more challenging. Here, by building on previous results showing that localizable concurrence is the necessary resource for con…
In this paper, we investigate the entanglement of multi-partite Grassmannian coherent states (GCSs) described by Grassmann numbers for $n>2$ degree of nilpotency. Choosing an appropriate weight function, we show that it is possible to construct some well-known entangled pure states, consisting of {\bf GHZ}, {\bf W}, Bell, cluster type and bi-separable states, which are obtained by integrating over tensor product of GCSs. It is shown that for three level systems, the Grassmann creation and annihilation operators $b$ and $b^†$ together with $b_{z}$ form a closed deformed algebra, i.e., $SU_{q}(2…
We propose generalizations of concurrence for multi-partite quantum systems that can distinguish qualitatively distinct quantum correlations. All introduced quantities can be evaluated efficiently for arbitrary mixed sates.
We develop protocols for preparing a GHZ state and, in general,a pure multi-partite maximally entangled state in a distributed network with apriori quantum entanglement between agents using classical communication and local operations. We investigate and characterize the minimal combinatorics of the sharing of EPR pairs required amongst agents in a network for the creation of multi-partite entanglement. We also characterize the minimal combinatorics of agents in the creation of pure maximal multi-partite entanglement amongst the set $N$ of $n$ agents in a network using apriori multi-partite en…
We provide various schemes for the splitting up of Quantum information into parts using the four and five partite cluster states. Explicit protocols for the Quantum information splitting (QIS) of single and two qubit states are illustrated. It is found that the four partite cluster state can be used for the QIS of an entangled state and the five partite cluster state can be used for QIS of an arbitrary two qubit state. The schemes considered here are also secure against certain eavesdropping attacks.
The variety of multi-partite entangled states enables numerous applications in novel quantum information tasks. In order to compare the suitability of different states from a theoretical point of view classifications have been introduced. Accordingly, here we derive criteria and demonstrate how to experimentally discriminate an observed state against the ones of certain other classes of multi-partite entangled states. Our method, originating in Bell inequalities, adds an important tool for the characterization of multi-party entanglement.
We show how multi-partite entanglement, such as of W-state form, can be created in branched spin chain systems. We also discuss the preservation of such entanglement, once created. The technique could be applied to actual spin chain systems, or to other physical systems such as strings of coupled quantum dots, molecules or atoms.
The degree to which a pure quantum state is entangled can be characterized by the distance or angle to the nearest unentangled state. This geometric measure of entanglement is explored for bi-partite and multi-partite pure and mixed states. It is determined analytically for arbitrary two-qubit mixed states, generalized Werner, and isotropic states, and is also applied to certain multi-partite mixed states, including two distinct multi-partite bound entangled states. Moreover, the ground-state entanglement of the XY model in a transverse field is calculated and shown to exhibit singular behavio…
Two pure states of a multi-partite system are alway are related by a unitary transformation acting on the Hilbert space of the whole system. This transformation involves multi-partite transformations. On the other hand some quantum information protocols such as the quantum teleportation and quantum dense coding are based on equivalence of some classes of states of bi-partite systems under the action of local (one-particle) unitary operations. In this paper we address the question: ``Under what conditions are the two states states, $\varrho$ and $σ$, of a multi-partite system locally unitary eq…
We analyze the security of two multipartite quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, specifically we introduce an $N$-partite version of the BB84 protocol and we discuss the $N$-partite six-state protocol proposed in arXiv:1612.05585v2. The security analysis proceeds from the generalization of known results in bipartite QKD to the multipartite scenario, and takes into account finite resources. In this context we derive a computable expression for the achievable key rate of both protocols by employing the best-known strategies: the uncertainty relation and the postselection technique. We compa…
We present local invariants of multi-partite pure or mixed states, which can be easily calculated and have a straight-forward physical meaning. As an application, we derive a new entanglement criterion for arbitrary mixed states of $n$ parties. The new criterion is weaker than the partial transposition criterion but offers advantages for the study of multipartite systems. A straightforward generalization of these invariants allows for the construction of a complete set of observable polynomial invariants.
We consider the degrees of controllability of multi-partite quantum systems as well as necessary and sufficient criteria for each case. The results are applied to the problem of simultaneous control of an ensemble of quantum dots with a single laser pulse. Finally, we apply optimal control techniques to demonstrate selective excitation of individual dots for a simultaneously controllable ensemble.
We present a tripartite three-level state that allows a secret sharing protocol among the three parties, or a quantum key distribution protocol between any two parties. The state used in this scheme contains entanglement even after one system is traced out. We show how to utilize this residual entanglement for quantum key distribution purposes, and propose a realization of the scheme using entanglement of orbital angular momentum states of photons.
In this paper, combined with infinite time-evolving block decimation (iTEBD) algorithm and Bell-type inequalities, we investigate multi-partite quantum nonlocality in an infinite one-dimensional quantum spin-1/2 XXZ system. High hierarchy of multipartite nonlocality can be observed in the gapless phase of the model, meanwhile only the lowest hierarchy of multipartite nonlocality is observed in most regions of the gapped anti-ferromagnetic phase. Thereby, Bell-type inequalities disclose different correlation structures in the two phases of the system. Furthermore, at the infinite-order QPT (or …
In a recent work by Novo et al. (Sci. Rep. 5, 13304, 2015), the invariant subspace method was applied to the study of continuous-time quantum walk (CTQW). The method helps to reduce a graph into a simpler version that allows more transparent analyses of the quantum walk model. In this work, we adopt the aforementioned method to investigate the optimality of a quantum walk search of a marked element on a complete multi-partite graph. We formulate the eigenbasis that would facilitate the transport between the two lowest energy eigenstates and demonstrate how to set the appropriate coupling facto…
In this paper, a computable multipartite multimode Gaussian quantum correlation measure ${\mathcal M}^{(k)}$ is proposed for any $k$-partite continuous-variable (CV) systems with $k\geq 2$. ${\mathcal M}^{(k)}$ depends only on the covariance matrix of CV states, is invariant under any permutation of subsystems, is a quantification without ancilla problem, nonincreasing under $k$-partite local Gaussian channels (particularly, invariant under $k$-partite local Gaussian unitary operations), vanishes on $k$-partite product states. For a $k$-partite Gaussian state $ρ$, ${\mathcal M}^{(k)}(ρ)=0$ if …
We show how to create maximally entangled dressed states of a weakly interacting multi-partite quantum system by suitably tuning an external, periodic driving field. Floquet theory allows us to relate, in a transparent manner, the occurrence of entanglement resonances to avoided crossings in the spectrum of quasi-energies, tantamount of well-defined conditions for the controlled, resonant interaction of particles. We demonstrate the universality of the phenomenon for periodically driven, weakly interacting two-level systems, by considering different interaction mechanisms and driving profiles.…
We show that there is a unique maximal decomposition of a pure multi-partite (N>2) quantum state into a sum of states which are "locally orthogonal" in the sense that the local reduced state for a term in the sum lives in its own orthogonal subspace for each subsystem. Observers can make local measurements on any subsystem and determine which "branch" they are on. The Shannon entropy of the resulting branch weights defines a new measure of global, GHZ-like entanglement, which is insensitive to local pairwise entangling operations and vanishes when there is no piece of information recorded at e…
