Given an oriented Riemannian surface $(Σ, g)$, its tangent bundle $TΣ$ enjoys a natural pseudo-Kähler structure, that is the combination of a complex structure $\J$, a pseudo-metric $\G$ with neutral signature and a symplectic structure $\Om$. We give a local classification of those surfaces of $TΣ$ which are both Lagrangian with respect to $\Om$ and minimal with respect to $\G$. We first show that if $g$ is non-flat, the only such surfaces are affine normal bundles over geodesics. In the flat case there is, in contrast, a large set of Lagrangian minimal surfaces, which is described explicitly. As an application, we show that motions of surfaces in $\R^3$ or $\R^3_1$ induce Hamiltonian motions of their normal congruences, which are Lagrangian surfaces in $T§^2$ or $T \H^2$ respectively. We relate the area of the congruence to a second-order functional $\mathcal{F}=\int \sqrt{H^2-K} dA$ on the original surface.
We compute the curvature tensor of the tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold endowed with a natural metric and we get some relationships between the geometry of the base manifold and the geometry of the tangent bundle.
We give a full description of totally geodesic submanifolds in the tangent bundle of a Riemannian 2-manifold of constant curvature and present a new class of a cylinder-type totally geodesic submanifolds in the general case.
A contact metric manifold is said to be $H$-contact, if the characteristic vector field is harmonic. We prove that the unit tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold $M$ equipped with the standard contact metric structure is $H$-contact if and only if $M$ is $2$-stein.
In this paper we study a Riemanian metric on the tangent bundle $T(M)$ of a Riemannian manifold $M$ which generalizes Sasaki metric and Cheeger Gromoll metric and a compatible almost complex structure which together with the metric confers to $T(M)$ a structure of locally conformal almost Kählerian manifold. This is the natural generalization of the well known almost Kählerian structure on $T(M)$. We found conditions under which $T(M)$ is almost Kählerian, locally conformal Kählerian or Kählerian or when $T(M)$ has constant sectional curvature or constant scalar curvature. Then we will restric…
The purpose of the present work is to study the complete and horizontal lifts of the metallic structure on tangent bundles with respect to almost product structure. We also establish fundamental formulae related to integrability and horizontal lifts of metallic structures on tangent bundles. Moreover, the study revealed the behavior on cross-section of metallic structure in M to tangent bundle TM.
Using vertical and complete lifts, any left invariant Riemannian metric on a Lie group induces a left invariant Riemannian metric on the tangent Lie group. In the present article we study the Riemannian geometry of tangent bundle of two families of Lie groups. The first one is the family of special Lie groups considered by J. Milnor and the second one is the class of Lie groups with one-dimensional commutator groups. The Levi-Civita connection, sectional and Ricci curvatures have been investigated.
We equip the direct limit of tangent bundles of paracompact finite dimensional manifolds with a structure of convenient vector bundle with structural group $GL(\infty,\mathbb{R}) =\underrightarrow{\lim}GL(\mathbb{R}^{n})$.
In this article, we introduce some metallic structures on the tangent bundle of a P-Sasakian manifold by complete lift, horizontal lift and vertical lift of a P-Sasakian structure $(ϕ, η,ξ)$ on tangent bundle. Then we investigate the integrability and parallelity of these metallic structures.
We describe conditions under which a spacetime connection and a scaled Lorentzian metric define natural symplectic and Poisson structures on the tangent bundle of the Einstein spacetime.
The aim of this paper is to give some characterizations for N-Legendre and N-slant curves in the unit tangent bundles of surfaces endowed with natural diagonal lifted structures.
For a Riemannian manifold $M$, we determine some curvature properties of a tangent bundle equipped with the rescaled metric.The main aim of this paper is to give explicit formulae for the rescaled metric on $TM$, and investigate the geodesics on the tangent bundle with respect to the rescaled Sasaki metric.
Adopting the global approach to tangent bundles of order two established in[1], we develop this approach to find new results. We also generalize various results of [3], [4] and [6] to the geometry of tangent bundles of order two.
An isometric immersion of a Riemannian manifold M into a Riemannian manifold N gives rise in a natural way to the immersion of the tangent bundle TM into the tangent bundle TN with a non-degenerate g- natural metric G.
We determine the curvature equations of natural metrics on tangent bundles and radius r tangent sphere bundles S_rM of a Riemannian manifold M. A family of positive scalar curvature metrics on S_rM is found, for any M with bounded sectional curvature and any chosen constant r.
The main purpose of the paper is to investigate Killing vector field on the tangent bundle T(M_{n}) of the Riemannian manifold with respect to the Levi-Civita connection of the metric II+III .
We define a subcategory of the category of diffeological spaces, which contains smooth manifolds, the diffeomorphism subgroups and its coadjoint orbits. In these spaces we construct a tangent bundle, vector fields and a de Rham cohomology.
In a previous work, the authors introduced the notion of `coherent tangent bundle', which is useful for giving a treatment of singularities of smooth maps without ambient spaces. Two different types of Gauss-Bonnet formulas on coherent tangent bundles on 22-dimensional manifolds were proven, and several applications to surface theory were given. Let $M^n$ ($n\ge 2$) be an oriented compact $n$-manifold without boundary and $TM^n$ its tangent bundle. Let $\mathcal E$ be a vector bundle of rank $n$ over $M^n$, and $φ:TM^n\to \mathcal E$ an oriented vector bundle homomorphism. In this paper, we sh…
Considering pseudo-Riemannian $g$-natural metrics on tangent bundles, we prove that the condition of being Ricci soliton is hereditary in the sense that a Ricci soliton structure on the tangent bundle gives rise to a Ricci soliton structure on the base manifold. Restricting ourselves to some class of pseudo-Riemannian $g$-natural metrics, we show that the tangent bundle is a Ricci soliton if and only if the base manifold is flat and the potential vector field is a complete lift of a conformal vector field. We give then a classification of conformal vector fields on a flat Riemannian manifold. …
In this paper we present a method by which is obtained a sequence of $k$-semisprays and two sequences of nonlinear connections on the $k$-tangent bundle $T^kM$, starting from a given one. Interesting particular cases appear for Lagrange and Finsler spaces of order $k$.
We study the geometric properties of the base manifold for the unit tangent bundle satisfying the $η$-Einstein condition with the standard contact metric structure. One of the main theorems is that the unit tangent bundle of 4-dimensional Einstein manifold, equipped with the canonical contact metric structure, is $η$-Einstein manifold if and only if base manifold is the space of constant sectional curvature 1 or 2.
The tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold (M,g) with non-degenerated g-natural metric G that admits a Killing vector field is investigated. Using Taylor's formula (TM,G) is decomposed into four classes that are investigated separately. The equivalence of the existence of Killing vector field on M and TM is proved. Key words: Riemannian manifold, tangent bundle, g-natural metric, Killing vector field, non-degenerate metric.
Given a compact Lie group $G$ with Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, we consider its tangent Lie group $TG\cong G\ltimes_{\mathrm{Ad}} \mathfrak{g}$. In this short note, we prove that $TG$ admits a left-invariant naturally reductive Riemannian metric $g$ and a metric connection with skew torsion $\nabla$ such that $(TG,g,\nabla)$ is naturally reductive. An alternative spinorial description of the same connection on the direct product $G\times \mathfrak{g}$ generalizes in a rather subtle way to $TS^7$, which is in many senses almost a tangent Lie group.
A submanifold is said to be tangentially biharmonic if the bitension field of the isometric immersion that defines the submanifold has vanishing tangential component. The purpose of this paper is to prove that a surface in Euclidean $3$-space has tangentially biharmonic normal bundle if and only if it is either minimal, a part of a round sphere, or a part of a circular cylinder.
A positive answer is given to the existence of Sasakian structures on the tangent sphere bundle of some Riemannian manifold whose sectional curvature is not constant. Among other results, it is proved that the tangent sphere bundle Tr(G/K), for any r > 0, of a compact rank-one symmetric space G/K, not necessarily of constant sectional curvature, admits a unique K-contact structure whose characteristic vector field is the standard field of T(G/K). Such a structure is in fact Sasakian and it can be expressed as an induced structure from an almost Hermitian structure on the punctured tangent bund…
We continue the study of the anti-Hermitian structures of general natural lift type on the tangent bundles. We get the conditions under which these structures are in the eight classes obtained by Ganchev and Borisov. We complete the characterization of the general natural anti-Kahlerian structures on the tangent bundles with necessary and sufficient conditions, then we present some results concerning the remaining classes.
Two new classes of metrizable vector bundles have been presented in the papers [1] and [4]. The Lie algebroid generalized tangent bundle of a dual vector bundle is presented. This Lie algebroid is a new example of metrizable vector bundle. A new class of Hamilton spaces, called by use, generalized Hamilton (ρ,η)-space, Hamilton (ρ,η)-space and Cartan (ρ,η)-space are presented. The results obtained in the particular case of Lie algebroids emphasize the importance and the utility of our new method by work. In particular, if all morphisms are identities morphisms, then the classical results are o…
Let $(M,g)$ be a Riemannian manifold. When $M$ is compact and the tangent bundle $TM$ is equipped with the Sasaki metric $g^s$, the only vector fields which define harmonic maps from $(M,g)$ to $(TM,g^s)$, are the parallel ones. The Sasaki metric, and other well known Riemannian metrics on $TM$, are particular examples of $g$-natural metrics. We equip $TM$ with an arbitrary Riemannian $g$-natural metric $G$, and investigate the harmonicity of a vector field $V$ of $M$, thought as a map from $(M,g)$ to $(TM,G)$. We then apply this study to the Reeb vector field and, in particular, to Hopf vecto…
Let $G$ be a connected complex Lie group and $Γ\subset G$ a cocompact lattice. Let $H$ be a complex Lie group. We prove that a holomorphic principal $H$-bundle $E_H$ over $G/Γ$ admits a holomorphic connection if and only if $E_H$ is invariant. If $G$ is simply connected, we show that a holomorphic principal $H$-bundle $E_H$ over $G/Γ$ admits a flat holomorphic connection if and only if $E_H$ is homogeneous.
The aim of this paper is to geometrize time dependent Lagrangian mechanics in a way that the framework of second order tangent bundles plays an essential role. To this end, we first introduce the concepts of time dependent connections and time dependent semisprays on a manifold $M$ and their induced vector bundle structures on the second order time dependent tangent bundle $\R\times T^2M$. Then we turn our attention to regular time Lagrangians and their interaction with $\R\times T^2M$ in different situations such as mechanical systems with potential fields, external forces and holonomic const…
We study generalized Kaehler manifolds for which the corresponding complex structures commute and classify completely the compact generalized Kaehler four-manifolds for which the induced complex structures yield opposite orientations.
We show that a diffeological bundle gives rise to an exact sequence of internal tangent spaces. We then introduce two new classes of diffeological spaces, which we call weakly filtered and filtered diffeological spaces, whose tangent spaces are easier to understand. These are the diffeological spaces whose categories of pointed plots are (weakly) filtered. We extend the exact sequence one step further in the case of a diffeological bundle with filtered total space and base space. We also show that the tangent bundle $T^H X$ defined by Hector is a diffeological vector space over $X$ when $X$ is…
Natural metric structures on the tangent bundle and tangent sphere bundles $S_rM$ of a Riemannian manifold $M$ with radius function $r$ enclose many important unsolved problems. Admitting metric connections on $M$ with torsion, we deduce the equations of induced metric connections on those bundles. Then the equations of reducibility of $TM$ to the almost Hermitian category. Our purpose is the study of the natural contact structure on $S_rM$ and the $G_2$-twistor space of any oriented Riemannian 4-manifold.
We give an explicit description of all complete $G$-invariant Ricci-flat Kähler metrics on the tangent bundle $T(G/K)\cong G^\bbC/K^\bbC$ of rank-one Riemannian symmetric spaces $G/K$ of compact type, in terms of associated vector-functions.
We exhibit several transformations of surfaces in R^4. First, one that takes a flat surface and gets a surface with flat normal bundle; then, one that takes a surface with flat normal bundle and gets a flat surface; finally, a one-parameter family of transformations on a flat surface with flat normal bundle and gives a flat surface with flat normal bundle. This family satisfies a permutability property.
Let $(M_{2k},φ,g)$ be an almost anti-paraHermitian manifold and $(TM,g_{BS})$ be its tangent bundle with a Berger type deformed Sasaki metric $g_{BS}$. In this paper, we deal with the harmonicity of the canonical projection $π:TM\rightarrow M$ and a vector field $ξ$ which is considered as a map $ξ:M\rightarrow TM$.
The tangent bundle of an almost Norden manifold and the complete lift of the Norden metric is considered as a 4n-manifold. It is equipped with an almost hypercomplex Hermitian-Norden structure. It is characterized geometrically. The case when the base manifold is an h-sphere is considered.
In the paper we investigate submanifolds in a tangent bundle endowed with g-natural metric G, defined by a vector field on a base manifold. We give a sufficient condition for a vector field on M to defined totally geodesic submanifold in (TM,G). The parallel vector field is discussed in more detail.
We define a class of metrics that extend the Sasaki metric of a tangent manifold of a Riemannian manifold. The new metrics are obtained by the transfer of the generalized (pseudo-)Riemannian metrics of the pullback of the big tangent bundle of a manifold to the tangent manifold. We obtain the expression of the transferred metric and we define a canonical, metric connection with torsion. We calculate the torsion, curvature and Ricci curvature of this connection and give a few applications of the results. We also discuss the transfer of generalized complex and generalized Kaehler structures.
Let $(G,Π_{G},\tilde{g})$ be a Poisson-Lie group equipped with a left invariant pseudo-Riemannian metric $\tilde{g}$ and let $(TG,Π_{TG},\tilde{g}^{c})$ be the Sanchez de Alvarez tangent Poisson-Lie group of $G$ equipped with the left invariant pseudo-Riemannian metric $\tilde{g}^{c}$, complete lift of $\tilde{g}$. In this paper, we express respectively the Levi-Civita connection, curvature and metacurvature of $(TG,Π_{TG},\tilde{g}^{c})$ in terms of the Levi-Civita connection, curvature and metacurvature of the basis Poisson-Lie group $(G,Π_{G},\tilde{g})$ and we prove that the space of diffe…
We study how the notion of tangent space can be extended from smooth manifolds to diffeological spaces, which are generalizations of smooth manifolds that include singular spaces and infinite-dimensional spaces. We focus on two definitions. The internal tangent space of a diffeological space is defined using smooth curves into the space, and the external tangent space is defined using smooth derivations on germs of smooth functions. We prove fundamental results about these tangent spaces, compute them in many examples, and observe that while they agree for smooth manifolds and many of the exam…
Natural metrics provide a way to induce a metric on the tangent bundle from the metric on its base manifold. The most studied type is the Sasaki metric, which applies the base metric separately to the vertical and horizontal components. We study a more general class of metrics which introduces interactions between the vertical and horizontal components, with scalar weights. Additionally, we explicitly clarify how to apply our and other induced metrics on the tangent bundle to vector fields where the vertical component is not constant along the fibers. We give application to the Special Orthogo…
We study the conditions under which the tangent bundle $(TM,G)$ of an $n$-dimensional Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ is conformally flat, where $G$ is a general natural lifted metric of $g$. We prove that the base manifold must have constant sectional curvature and we find some expressions for the natural lifted metric $G$, such that the tangent bundle $(TM,G)$ become conformally flat.
We study some properties of the tangent bundles with metrics of general natural lifted type. We consider a Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ and we find the conditions under which the Riemannian manifold $(TM,G)$, where $TM$ is the tangent bundle of $M$ and $G$ is the general natural lifted metric of $g$, has constant sectional curvature.
A class of metrizable vector bundles in the general framework of generalized Lie algebroids have been presented in the eight reference. Using a generalized Lie algebroid we obtain the Lie algebroid generalized tangent bundle of a vector bundle. This Lie algebroid is a new example of metrizable vector bundle. A new class of Lagrange spaces, called by use, generalized Lagrange (ρ?;η?)-space, Lagrange (ρ?;η?)-space and Finsler (ρ?;η?)-space are presented. In the particular case of Lie algebroids, new and important results are presented. In particular, if all morphisms are identities morphisms, th…
It is well-known that if a curve is a geodesic line of the tangent (sphere) bundle with Sasaki metric of a locally symmetric Riemannian manifold then the projected curve has all its geodesic curvatures constant. In this paper we consider the case of tangent (sphere) bundle over the real, complex and quaternionic space form and give a unified proof of the following property: all geodesic curvatures of projected curve are zero starting from k_3,k_6 and k_{10} for the real, complex and quaternionic space formes respectively.
We consider trivializations of second iterated bundles of a Lie group that preserve lifted group structures. With such a trivialization, we elaborate Hamiltonian dynamics on cotangent, Lagrangian dynamics on tangent bundles and, both Hamiltonian and Lagrangian dynamics on Tulczyjew's symplectic space which is tangent of cotangent bundle of Lie group. We present all possible Poisson, symplectic and Lagrangian reductions of spaces and corresponding dynamics on them. In particular, reduction of Lagrangian dynamics on second iterated tangent bundle includes reduction of dynamics on second order ta…
Considering the class G of g-natural metrics on the tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold (M, g), it is shown that the flatnees for g is a necessary and sufficient condition of weakly symmetry (recurrent or pseudo-symmetry) of G. In particular, the cases of weakly symmetric Sasakian lift metric studied by Bejan and Crasmareanu and recurrent or pseudo-symmetric Sasakian lift metric studied by Binh and Tamassy are obtained.
Let $ξ=(G\times_{K} \mathcal{G} / \mathcal{K}, ρ_ξ, \emph{G} / \emph{K},\mathcal{G} / \mathcal{K})$ be the associated bundle and $τ_{G/K}=(T_{G/K},π_{G/K},G/K, \textrm{R}^{m})$ be the tangent bundle of special examples of odd dimension solvable Lie groups equipped with left invariant Riemannian metric. In this paper we prove some conditions about the existence of homogeneous geodesic on the base space of $τ_{G/K}$ and homogeneous (geodesic) vectors on the fiber space of $ξ$ .
We obtain the natural diagonal almost product and locally product structures on the total space of the cotangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold. We find the Riemannian almost product (locally product) and the (almost) para-Hermitian cotangent bundles of natural diagonal lift type. We prove the characterization theorem for the natural diagonal (almost) para-Kählerian structures on the total spaces of the cotangent bundle.
Let (M,g) be a Riemannian manifold and G a nondegenerate g-natural metric on its tangent bundle T M . In this paper we establish a relation between the Jacobi operators of (M,g) and that of (T M,G). In the case of a Riemannian surface (M,g), we compute explicitly the spectrum of some Jacobi operators of (TM,G) and give necessary and sufficient conditions for (T M,G) to be an Osserman manifold.
In this paper we give some examples of almost para-hyperhermitian structures on the tangent bundle of an almost product manifold, on the product manifold $M\times\mathbb{R}$, where $M$ is a manifold endowed with a mixed 3-structure and on the circle bundle over a manifold with a mixed 3-structure.
