Recent Developments in Supersymmetric and Hidden Sector Dark Matter
Daniel Feldman, Zuowei Liu, Pran Nath
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6 pages, 2 figs. Based on invited plenary talk at the 16th International Conference on "Supersymmetry and Unification of Fundamental Interactions", at Seoul, Korea, June 16-21, 2008
New results which correlate SUSY dark matter with LHC signals are presented, and a brief review of recent developments in supersymmetric and hidden sector dark matter is given. It is shown that the direct detection of dark matter is very sensitive to the hierarchical SUSY sparticle spectrum and the spectrum is very useful in distinguishing models. It is shown that the prospects of the discovery of neutralino dark matter are very bright on the "Chargino Wall" due to a copious number of model points on the Wall, where the NLSP is the Chargino, and the spin independent neutralino-proton cross section is maintained at high values in the $10^{-44}$cm$^{2}$ range for neutralino masses up to $\sim 850$ GeV . It is also shown that the direct detection of dark matter along with lepton plus jet signatures and missing energy provide dual, and often complementary, probes of supersymmetry. Finally, we discuss an out of the box possibility for dark matter, which includes dark matter from the hidden sector, which could either consist of extra weakly interacting dark matter (a Stino XWIMP), or milli-charged dark matter arising from the Stueckelberg extensions of the MSSM or the SM.
We investigate the LHC signals of a minimal supersymmetric hidden valley. Our theory consists of the supersymmetric Standard Model along with a light hidden U(1)_x gauge multiplet and a pair of hidden chiral superfields that spontaneously break the new Abelian gauge symmetry near a GeV. The visible and hidden sectors interact exclusively through supersymmetric gauge kinetic mixing. We perform a thorough examination of the hidden decay cascades initiated by the lightest Standard Model superpartner and we study the range of LHC signals they can produce. In particular, we find parameter regions t…
We consider a hidden sector with new vectorlike confining gauge theories like QCD. Then a scale $Λ_H$ would be generated in the hidden sector by dimensional transmutation, and chiral symmetry breaking occurs in the hidden sector. Then this scale $Λ_H$ can play a role of the SM Higgs mass parameter, triggering electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB). Thus all the mass scales of the SM sector can arise from the hidden sector. Furthermore the lightest hadrons in the hidden sector is stable by the flavor conservation of the hidden sector strong interaction, and could be the cold dark matter (CDM). We…
Supersymmetric models with extended group structure beyond the standard model are revisited in the framework of general gauge mediation. Sum rules for sfermion masses are shown to depend genuinely on the group structure, which can serve as important probes for specific models. The left-right model and models with extra U(1) are worked out for illustrations. If the couplings of extra gauge groups are small, supersymmetric hidden valleys of the scale 10-100 GeV can be naturally constructed in companion of a TeV-scale supersymmetric visible sector.
The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM) includes a Higgs iso-singlet superfield in addition to the two Higgs doublet superfields of the minimal supersymmetric extension. The Higgs sector and neutralino sectors of this model are examined within the context of a future linear collider.
We show that in the model of hidden sector of the Universe, interacting with the Standard-Model sector through the photonic portal, the Standard-Model Coulomb potential gets a tiny hidden-sector additive correction that might turn out to be either exciting or fatal for the verification of this model.
We discuss mechanisms for naturally generating GeV-scale hidden sectors in the context of weak-scale supersymmetry. Such low mass scales can arise when hidden sectors are more weakly coupled to supersymmetry breaking than the visible sector, as happens when supersymmetry breaking is communicated to the visible sector by gauge interactions under which the hidden sector is uncharged, or if the hidden sector is sequestered from gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking. We study these mechanisms in detail in the context of gauge and gaugino mediation, and present specific models of Abelian GeV-scal…
We generalize the notion of the Jarlskog invariant to supersymmetric models with right--handed neutrinos. This allows us to formulate basis--independent necessary and sufficient conditions for CP conservation in such models.
We derive sum rules among scalar masses for various boundary conditions of the hidden-visible couplings in the presence of hidden sector dynamics and show that they still can be useful probes of the MSSM and beyond.
We consider the phenomenological consequences of a hidden Higgs sector extending the Standard Model (SM), in which the matter content are uncharged under the SM gauge groups. We consider a simple case where the hidden sector is gauged under a U(1) with one Higgs singlet. The only couplings between SM and the hidden sector are through mixings between the neutral gauge bosons of the two respective sectors, and between the Higgs bosons. We find signals testable at the LHC that can reveal the existence and shed light on the nature of such a hidden sector.
In light of recent analyses that have shown that nontrivial hidden-sector dynamics in models of supersymmetry breaking can lead to a significant impact on the predicted low-energy supersymmetric spectrum, we extend these studies to consider hidden-sector effects in extensions of the MSSM to include a seesaw model for neutrino masses. A dynamical hidden sector in an interval of mass scales below the seesaw scale would yield renormalization-group running involving both the anomalous dimension from the hidden sector and the seesaw-extended MSSM renormalization group equations (RGEs). These effect…
We study the impact of a hidden sector beyond the Standard Model, e.g. a Hidden Valley model, on factorial moments and cumulants of multiplicity distributions in multiparticle production with a special emphasis on the prospects for LHC results.
We consider a hidden sector with a vectorlike confining gauge theory like QCD with $N_{h,c}$ colors and $N_{h,f}$ light quarks ${\cal Q}_h$ in the hidden sector. Then a scale $Λ_H$ would be generated by dimensional transmutation, and chiral symmetry breaking occurs in the hidden sector. This scale $Λ_H$ can play a role of the SM Higgs mass parameter, triggering electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB). Furthermore the lightest mesons in the hidden sector is stable by flavor conservation of the hidden sector strong interaction, and could be a good cold dark matter (CDM). We study collider phenomeno…
Introducing a vacuum angle $θ_h$ in a strongly interacting hidden sector like QCD, we study how $θ_h$ affects physical quantities in a scale invariant extension of the standard model with that hidden sector. In this model the dynamical chiral symmetry breaking occurs in the hidden sector and generates a scale $ \vert \langle {\bar q} q \rangle \vert $ which triggers electroweak symmetry breaking. We find that the expression for a vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field depends on $θ_h$, while the condition which determines the Higgs particle mass does not. This model contains the hidden-se…
We discuss the implications of a gauged Abelian hidden-sector communicating with the Standard Model (SM) fields via kinetic mixing with the SM hypercharge gauge field, or via the Higgs quartic interaction. We discuss signatures of the hidden-sector gauge boson at the LHC in the four-lepton channel. We show that a hidden-sector fermion can be a natural dark-matter candidate with the correct relic-density, discuss direct-detection prospects, and show how Higgs signatures may be altered at the LHC.
We study the effects of renormalization due to hidden-sector dynamics on observable soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM), under various hypotheses about their universality at a high input scale. We show that hidden-sector renormalization effects may induce the spurious appearance of unification of the scalar masses at some lower scale, as in mirage unification scenarios. We demonstrate in simple two-parameter models of the hidden-sector dynamics that the parameters may in principle be extracted from experimental measurement…
A weak photon interaction with the hidden sector of the Universe, introduced recently to realize a "photonic portal", (to such a hypothetic sector responsible for cold dark matter), is conjectured to be embedded in a more extended weak interaction displaying electroweak symmetry spontaneously broken by the Standard-Model Higgs mechanism. This is a hypothetic new weak interaction between hidden and Standard-Model sectors of the Universe, appearing in our model in addition to the conventional electroweak interaction acting in the Standard-Model sector.
We study the phenomenology of a class of models describing modular invariant gaugino condensation in the hidden sector of a low-energy effective theory derived from the heterotic string. Placing simple demands on the resulting observable sector - such as proper electroweak symmetry-breaking, superpartner spectra consistent with current limits and neutralino relic densities of an acceptable magnitude - results in significant restrictions on the possible configurations of the hidden sector.
We show that supersymmetric "Dark Force" models with gravity mediation are viable. To this end, we analyse a simple string-inspired supersymmetric hidden sector model that interacts with the visible sector via kinetic mixing of a light Abelian gauge boson with the hypercharge. We include all induced interactions with the visible sector such as neutralino mass mixing and the Higgs portal term. We perform a detailed parameter space scan comparing the produced dark matter relic abundance and direct detection cross sections to current experiments.
Thermal leptogenesis and supergravity are attractive scenarios for physics beyond the standard model. However, it is well known that the super-weak interaction of the gravitino often leads to problems with primordial nucleosynthesis in the standard scenario of matter parity conserving MSSM + three right-handed neutrinos. We will present and compare two related solutions to these problems: 1) The conflict between BBN and leptogenesis can be avoided in presence of a hidden sector with light supersymmetric particles which open new decay channels for the dangerous long-lived particles. 2) If there…
A hypothetic Hidden Sector of the Universe, consisting of sterile fermions ("sterinos") and sterile mediating bosons ("sterons") of mass dimension 1 (not 2!) - the last described by an antisymmetric tensor field - requires to exist also a scalar isovector and scalar isoscalar in order to be able to construct electroweak invariant coupling (before spontaneously breaking its symmetry).
We consider models with a vectorlike confining gauge theory in the hidden sector, and demonstrate that the origin of the electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) is due to the dimensional transmutation in the hidden sector gauge theory, and the lightest mesons in the hidden sector could be a good cold dark matter (CDM) candidate. There would be more than one neutral Higgs-like scalar bosons, and they could decay mainly into the CDM pair, if that decay channel is kinemtically allowed.
The problems of the standard model are briefly reviewed and the motivations for introducing supersymmetry are discussed. Two realistic supersymmetric models; the Minimal SuperSymmetric Model, MSSM, and its proposed extension NMSSM are introduced briefly and then some details of the Higgs sector of NMSSM are stated and some constraints on parameters are described. I then explore the Higgs boson masses and couplings for some interesting scenarios, including a few different ways of taking the limit where NMSSM reduces to MSSM.
QCD-like hidden sector models of supersymmetry breaking are considered which do not suffer from a cosmological problem due to the Polonyi field. Avoidance of a light gluino leads to introduction of quasi-symmetry -- symmetry broken explicitly only through gravitational effects.
The $μ$ parameter is calculated in supergravity models possessing the $U(1)_A\times U(1)_R$ symmetry. In one natural model without a free mass parameter below the Planck scale, the symmetry breaking scale is identified as the hidden sector squark condensation scale.
A new weak-isospin triplet of scalar bosons is introduced to the Standard Model in order to ensure the electroweak symmetry for a conjectured new weak coupling between a hidden sector of the Universe, responsible for cold dark matter, and the Standard-Model sector (involving now the new triplet). The considered coupling may be called "electroweak portal" to the structure of hidden sector. After spontaneously breaking the electroweak symmetry by the Standard-Model Higgs mechanism, it includes the so called "photonic portal" introduced by us previously.
We study vacuum stability of supersymmetric extended Higgs sectors with a discrete $Z_2$ symmetry. These models may be able to explain dark matter, neutrino masses, baryon asymmetry of the Universe and hierarchy problem simultaneously at the TeV scale. This $Z_2$ symmetry could be broken spontaneously. We examine the stability of the $Z_2$ symmetric vacuum at the tree level in several models with such extended Higgs sectors.
We study the phenomenology of a class of models describing modular invariant gaugino condensation in the hidden sector of a low-energy effective theory derived from the heterotic string. Placing simple demands on the resulting observable sector, such as a supersymmetry-breaking scale of approximately 1 TeV, a vacuum with properly broken electroweak symmetry, superpartner masses above current direct search limits, etc., results in significant restrictions on the possible configurations of the hidden sector.
We make a detailed analysis on the proton decay in a supersymmetric SO(10) model proposed by K.Babu, I.Gogoladze, P.Nath, and R. Syed. We introduce quark mixing, and find that this model can generate fermion mass without breaking the experimental bound on proton decay. We also predict large CKM unitarity violations.
In the Stueckelberg extension of the Standard Model (StSM), matter in the hidden sector can act as dark matter. Due to an interplay of mixings produced by the usual Higgs mechanism and the Stueckelberg mechanism in the neutral gauge boson sector, the hidden sector matter acquires a milli charge. The Stueckelberg extension also produces a narrow width Z prime which is detectable at the Large Hadron Collider. The hidden sector dark matter naturally explains the PAMELA positron excess by means of a Breit-Wigner enhancement through a Z prime resonance. We also discuss the origin of milli charge in…
A scale-invariant extension of the Standard Model with a singlet-scalar and hidden-QCD sector is studied. The scale of electroweak symmetry breaking is generated dynamically in an asymptotic-free hidden-QCD sector, and mediated by the Higgs-singlet coupling. Hidden-QCD pions are stable and can be a candidate of the cold dark matter. This presentation is based on a collaboration with D. W. Jung and P. Ko.
A pseudo-Goldstone boson for {\it quintessence} is known to require the decay constant $F_q\sim M_P$ and the height of the potential $(0.003 {\rm eV})^4$, and hence the pseudo-Goldstone boson mass of order $10^{-33}$ eV. The model-dependent axion in some superstring models is suggested as a good candidate for the quintessence. We realize this idea with a hidden-sector gauge group $SU(3)_H\times U(1)_H$. The hidden-sector instanton contribution to the quintessence potential is suppressed by the almost massless hidden-sector quarks. The model-independent axion is the QCD axion required for the s…
We present a supersymmetric 3-3-1 model with exotic quarks and a charged lepton as an extension of the MSSM model with anomaly free three generations The scalar sector is studied with six triplet Higgses and the mass spectrum for light Higgs scalars are found to obey MSSM like predictions .The trilinear Higgs term in 3-3-1 is found to be consistent with the bilinear mHuHd term of MSSM and play an important role in the tree-level mass spectrum of scalars.
We continue the discussion of a proposed model of hidden sector of the Universe, consisting of sterile spin-1/2 Dirac fermions ("sterinos"), sterile spin-0 bosons ("sterons") with spontaneously nonzero vacuum expectation value, and sterile nongauge mediating bosons ("A bosons") described by an antisymmetric-tensor field (of dimension one). The Standard-Model electromagnetic field (of dimension two) multiplied by the steron vacuum expectation value becomes in a spontaneous way a source of A-boson field mediating new weak interactions in hidden sector and providing - due to the action of electro…
We study compact star made of degenerate hidden sector nucleons which will be a candidate for cold dark matter. A hidden sector like QCD is considered, and as the low energy effective theory we take (hidden sector) $ SU(2) $ chiral sigma model including hidden sector vector meson. With the mean field approximation, we find that one can treat the equation of state (EOS) of our model analytically by introducing a variable which depends on the Fermi momentum. The EOS is specified by the two parameters $ C'_{/sigma} $,$ C'_{/omega} $, and we discuss how these parameters affect on the mass-radius r…
We show under rather general assumptions that hidden sectors that never reach thermal equilibrium in the early Universe are also inaccessible for the LHC. In other words, any particle that can be produced at the LHC must either have been in thermal equilibrium with the Standard Model at some point or must be produced via the decays of another hidden sector particle that has been in thermal equilibrium. To reach this conclusion, we parametrise the cross section connecting the Standard Model to the hidden sector in a very general way and use methods from linear programming to calculate the large…
New physics can be light if it is hidden, coupling very weakly to the Standard Model. In this work we investigate the discovery prospects of Abelian hidden sectors in lower-energy fixed-target and high-precision experiments. We focus on a minimal supersymmetric realization consisting of an Abelian vector multiplet, coupled to hypercharge by kinetic mixing, and a pair of chiral Higgs multiplets. This simple theory can give rise to a broad range of experimental signals, including both commonly-studied patterns of hidden vector decay as well as new and distinctive hidden sector cascades. We find …
Systematic on-shell renormalization programme is carried out for the Higgs and gauge boson sectors of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Complete 1-loop results for the 2- and 3-point Green's functions are explicitly given. The Higgs boson masses and the cross sections for the neutral scalar production in the $e^+e^-$ colliders are calculated.
Supersymmetric scenarios incorporating thermal leptogenesis as the origin of the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry generically predict abundances of the primordial elements which are in conflict with observations. In this paper we propose a simple way to circumvent this tension and accommodate naturally thermal leptogenesis and primordial nucleosynthesis. We postulate the existence of a light hidden sector, coupled very weakly to the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, which opens up new decay channels for the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle, thus diluting its abundance during n…
We study the possibility that CP is spontaneously broken in the Minimal Supersymmetric Model when radiative corrections to the Higgs potential are included. We show that this can only occur if a light Higgs boson exists. Considering the recent ALEPH Higgs search, we exclude most of the parameter space of the model. The possibility of explicit CP violation in the model is also briefly discussed.
Most signatures of new physics in colliders have been studied so far on the transverse plane with respect to the beam direction. In this work however we study the impact of a hidden sector beyond the Standard Model (SM) on inclusive (pseudo)rapidity correlations and moments of the multiplicity distributions, with special emphasis in the LHC results.
We exemplify earlier general considerations on flavor symmetry breaking employing a hidden sector and exploiting supersymmetry in a specific model. The model is at best a caricature of reality, but it is sufficient to display mechanisms for the natural emergence of minimal low-energy Higgs structure, non-trivial texture zeros and symmetry, and coupling to the standard model only through Higgs fields, which could be considerably more general.
If supersymmetry is dynamically broken in a hidden sector, the gauginos typically have unacceptably small masses. This situation can be corrected if a non-Abelian gauge interaction becomes strong at a scale of order 1 TeV and induces dynamical gaugino masses. We discuss the typical signals of this scenario at present and future colliders.
We investigate a scalar sector of the supersymmetric $ SU_C(3) \otimes SU_L(3)\otimes U_N(1)$ model with right-handed neutrinos. The mass spectra are derived. We show that only neutral Higgs sector with lepton number L=0 could have a VEV. There is no mixing between scalars having L=0 and bilepton scalars having L=2. There are six Goldstone bosons: two in neutral sector, three in pseudo-scalar sector and one in charged scalar sector. For a given set of input parameters (five from the $F$ terms and two from the soft term) all the scalar sectors in this model contain the upper limit of 230 GeV to…
Recently there has been much interest in hidden sectors, especially in the context of dark matter and dark forces, since they are a common feature of beyond standard model scenarios like string theory and SUSY and additionally exhibit interesting phenomenological aspects. Various laboratory experiments place limits on the so-called hidden photon and continuously further probe and constrain the parameter space; an updated overview is presented here. Furthermore, for several hidden sector models with light dark matter we study the viability with respect to the relic abundance and direct detectio…
We introduce a new dark matter candidate, the lightest U-parity particle (LUP). We suggest it as a good dark matter candidate especially in the R-parity violating supersymmetric model.
We consider the minimal supersymmetric extension of the 3-3-1 model and we study the mass spectra in the scalar sector of this model without the anti-sextet. We show that all our lighest scalars are in agreement with the experimental limits.
In the effective field theory framework, we consider the effect of supersymmetry breaking via gaugino condensation and supergravity in the hidden sector gauge group on the hidden sector vacuum angle $θ_h$. The $θ_h$ parameter dependence of the potential yields phenomenologically acceptable invisible axion solutions if the $U(1)_R$ symmetry is broken down to a discrete subgroup $Z_N$ with $N\ge 3$ (N=4 is marginal). Anomalous U(1) superstring models are good candidates for this invisible axion resolution of the strong CP puzzle.
This work examines the confining-deconfining phase transition in a hidden Yang Mills sector with scale $Λ\sim 10^{14}$ GeV appropriate to dilaton stabilization and SUSY-breaking via formation of a gaugino consensate. If the transition is assumed to take place through homogenous nucleation, then under reasonable assumptions it is found that a critical bubble, formed at a temperature which provides enough supercooling, is not large enough to accommodate an adequate number $(\gsim 100)$ of quanta of the confined phase (`hidden hadrons') to allow a consistent thermodynamic description. Thus, a fir…
We show that the gaugino and higgsino sectors of supersymmetric theories can naturally acquire observable CP violation through radiative effects which originate from large CP-violating trilinear couplings of the Higgs bosons to the third-generation scalar quarks. These CP-violating loop effects are not attainable by evolving the supersymmetric renormalization-group equations from a higher unification scale down to the electroweak one. We briefly discuss the phenomenological consequences of such a scenario, and as an example, calculate the two-loop contribution to the neutron electric dipole mo…
We present a detailed study of the oscillations and optical properties for vacuum, in a model for the dark sector that contains axion-like particles and hidden photons. In this model, both can couple to photons. We provide bounds for the couplings versus the mass, using current results from ALPS-I and PVLAS. We also discuss the challenges for the detection of models with more than one hidden particle in light shining trough wall-like experiments.
A hidden valley sector may havea profound impact on the classic phenomenology of supersymmetry. This occurs if the LSP lies in the valley sector. In addition to reducing the standard missing energy signals and possibly providing displaced vertices (phenomena familiar from gauge-mediated and R-parity-violating models) it may lead to a variable multiplicity of new neutral particles, whose decays produce soft jets and/or leptons, and perhaps additional displaced vertices. Combined, these issues might obscure supersymmetric particle production from search strategies used on current Tevatron data a…
Hidden sectors in connection with GeV-scale dark forces and dark matter are not only a common feature of physics beyond the Standard Model such as string theory and SUSY but are also phenomenologically of great interest regarding recent astrophysical observations. The hidden photon in particular is also searched for and constrained by laboratory experiments, the current status of which will be presented here. Furthermore, several models of hidden sectors containing in addition a dark matter particle will be examined regarding their consistency with the dark matter relic abundance and direct de…
We study the symmetry breaking sector of a supersymmetric left-right model based on the gauge group $SU(2)_L\times SU(2)_R\times U(1)_{B-L}$. The explicit mass matrices of neutral, singly charged and doubly charged scalars are constructed. In the minimum the $R$-parity is found to be spontaneously broken. An experimentally interesting feature of the model is that one of the doubly charged scalars is possibly light enough to be seen in the next linear collider.
The Higgs boson offers a unique window to hidden sector fields S_i, singlets under the Standard Model gauge group, via the renormalizable interactions |H|^2 S_i^2. We prove that such interactions can provide new patterns for electroweak breaking, including radiative breaking by dimensional transmutation consistent with LEP bounds, and trigger the strong enough first order phase transition required by electroweak baryogenesis.
The measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon provides a stringent test of the standard model and of any physics that lies beyond it. There is currently a deviation of $3.1σ$ between the standard model prediction for the muon's anomalous magnetic moment and its experimental value. We calculate the contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment in theories where the muon couples to a particle in a hidden sector (that is, uncharged under the standard model) and a connector (which has nontrivial standard model gauge and hidden sector quantum numbers).
A variety of supergravity and string based models contain hidden sectors which can play a role in particle physics phenomena and in cosmology. In this note we discuss the possibility that the visible sector and the hidden sectors in general live in different heat baths. Further, it is entirely possible that dark matter resides partially or wholly in hidden sectors in the form of dark Dirac fermions, dark neutralinos or dark photons. A proper analysis of dark matter and of dark forces in this case requires that one deals with a multi-temperature universe. We discuss the basic formalism which in…
Little experimental data bears on the question of whether there is a spontaneously broken hidden sector that has no Standard Model quantum numbers. Here we discuss the prospects of finding evidence for such a hidden sector through renormalizable interactions of the Standard Model Higgs boson with a Higgs boson of the hidden sector. We find that the lightest Higgs boson in this scenario has smaller rates in standard detection channels, and it can have a sizeable invisible final state branching fraction. Details of the hidden sector determine whether the overall width of the lightest state is sm…
