The force can be defined from the linear momentum in the gravitational field and electromagnetic field. But this definition can not cover the gradient of energy. In the paper, the force will be defined from the energy and torque in a new way, which involves the gravitational force, electromagnetic force, inertial force, gradient of energy, and some other new force terms etc. One of these new force terms can be used to explain why the solar wind varies velocity along the magnetic force line in the interplanetary space between the sun and the earth.
We show the presence of an electromagnetic field can cause a gravitational Meissner effect and, as a result, a gravitational shielding. With this aim in view we must first unveil the following problems : generalized Maxwell equations, generalized London equations, generalized Meissner effect, generalized shielding, etc.
The paper studies the validity of Maxwell equation in the case for coexistence of electromagnetic field and gravitational field. With the algebra of quaternions, the Newton's law of gravitation is the same as that in classical theory of gravitational field. Meanwhile the Maxwell equation is identical with that in classical theory of electromagnetic field. And the related conclusions can be spread to the case for coexistence of electromagnetic field and gravitational field by the algebra of octonions. The study claims that Maxwell equation keeps unchanged in the case for coexistence of gravitat…
The article overviews the algorithm of identification of spectrum lines of gravitational emission of electron with expected emission intensity close to electromagnetic emission.
The paper discusses some scalar invariants in the gravitational field and electromagnetic field by means of the characteristics of the quaternions. When we emphasize some definitions of quaternion physical quantities, the speed of light, mass density, energy density, power density, charge density, and spin magnetic moment density etc. will remain the same respectively in the gravitational and electromagnetic fields under the coordinate transformation. The results explain why there are some relationships among different invariants in the gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
We show that the Maxwell equations describing an electromagnetic wave are a mathematical consequence of the Einstein equations for the same wave. This fact is significant for the problem of the Einsteinian metrics corresponding to the electromagnetic waves.
In elaboration of the results presented earlier the red shift is also regarded in this investigation as a widening of electromagnetic radiation spectra, determined by the existence of gravitational radiation of a banded spectrum of the same level as electromagnetic.
The paper discusses the impact of adjoint fields on the conservation laws in the gravitational field and electromagnetic field, by means of the characteristics of octonions. When the adjoint field can not be neglected, it will cause the predictions to departure slightly from the conservation laws, which include mass continuity equation, charge continuity equation, and conservation of spin. The adjoint field of electromagnetic field has an effect on conservation of mass, and that of gravitational field on conservation of charge. The inferences explain how the adjoint field influences some conse…
Relativistic dynamics of distributed mass and charge densities of the extended classical particle is discussed for arbitrary gravitational and electromagnetic fields. Vector geodesic relations for material space densities are consequences of tensor gravitational equations for continuous sources and their fields. Classical four-flows of elementary material space depend on local four-potentials for charged densities, like in quantum theory. Six electromagnetic intensities can describe satisfactorily only the simplest, potential kind of continuous matter motion.
The paper discusses the influences of velocity curl and field strength on some theorems in the electromagnetic field and gravitational field. With the characteristics of the algebra of quaternions, the theorem of linear momentum, conservation of linear momentum, and conservation of angular momentum etc. can be deduced from the quaternionic definitions of physical quantities. And the strength of gravitational field and electromagnetic field have an influence on some theorems directly. While the velocity curl has an effect on some theorems also.
The paper focuses on applying the octonions to explore the electromagnetic and gravitational equations in the presence of some material media, exploring the frequencies of astrophysical jets. Maxwell was the first to use the algebra of quaternions to describe the electromagnetic equations. This method encourages scholars in adopting the quaternions and octonions to study the physical properties of electromagnetic and gravitational fields, including the field strength, field source, linear momentum, and angular momentum and so forth. In the paper, the field strength and angular momentum in the …
The gravitational field and the source-free electromagnetic field can be unified preliminarily by the equations in the Riemannian geometry, both are contractions of im and ik, respectively. So it will be equivalent to the Yang gravitational equations. From this we can obtain the Lorentz equations of motion, the first system and second source-free system of Maxwell field equations. This unification can be included in the gauge theory, and the unified gauge group is GL(2,C), which is just the same as the gauge group of the Riemanian manifold.
Using Bridge Theory to describe the electromagnetic interactions occurring between high energy pairs of particles, we predict an anomalous self-gravitational red-shift in the frequency of the EM source produced during the interaction. The extreme consequence is the introduction of an upper limit in the electromagnetic spectrum. Hypothesizing a scattering energy greater than 5.55 10^22 Mev,the source collapses under his events horizon, becoming a neutral spin less micro-black hole: perfect candidates to contribute to the dark matter of the Universe.
The paper investigates the influences of the helicity on the gravitational mass density, the field source, the charge continuity equation, and the mass continuity equation etc in the electromagnetic field and gravitational field. By means of the algebra of octonions, the magnetic helicity, the current helicity, the cross helicity, the kinetic helicity, the field energy, the enstrophy, and some new helicity terms can be derived from the octonion definitions of the linear mentum and the force in some field descriptions with different operators. The study claims that the gravitational mass densit…
A fraction of energy is theoretically predicted to be captured from electromagnetic field to form a gravitating mass, when a low-mass charged particle enters the strong field from a region of no electromagnetism. In this paper the mass variation has been calculated for a charged particle on free-fall in the constraint electromagnetic field. It has been shown that there is an evident effect to the variation in mass when the low-mass charged particle is in the strong field.
Based on the model of Expansive Nondecelerative Universe, the aim of the present contribution is to contribute to the theoretical rationalization of some experiments, in particular of those performed by Podkletnov and de Aquino and devoted to the gravitational mass cessation, to offer a mechanistic explanation of the Solar corona heating, and to propose an experiment to verify the explanation of the heating in the Earth conditions.
We discuss the electromagnetic energy-momentum distribution and the mechanical forces of the electromagnetic field in material media. There is a long-standing controversy on these notions. The Minkowski and the Abraham energy-momentum tensors are the most well-known ones. We propose a solution of this problem which appears to be natural and self-consistent from both a theoretical and an experimental point of view.
The classical electromagnetic lag assocated with the Aharonov-Bohm phase shift is obtained by using a Darwin-Lagrangian analysis similar to that given by Coleman and Van Vleck to identify the puzzling forces of the Shockley-James paradox. The classical forces cause changes in particle velocities and so produce a relative lag leading to the same phase shift as predicted by Aharonov and Bohm and observed in experiments. An experiment is proposed to test for this lag aspect implied by the classical analysis but not present in the currently-accepted quantum topological description of the phase shi…
Plane electromagnetic and gravitational waves interact with particles in such a way as to cause them to oscillate not only in the transverse direction but also along the direction of propagation. The electromagnetic case is usually shown by use of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation and the gravitational by a transformation to a local inertial frame. Here, the covariant Lorentz force equation and the second order equation of geodesic deviation followed by the introduction of a local inertial frame are respectively used. It is often said that there is an analogy between the motion of charged particles…
According to the theory of relativity, the 4-vector force acting on a particle is orthogonal to the 4-vector velocity of the particle, but we found that the electromagnetic force of the Maxwell's theory can not completely satisfy this orthogonality, this incompletion leads us to find that the electromagnetic force has two independent components in the 4 dimensional space time. A 4-vector force has 4 components, because of the orthogonality of 4-vector force and 4-vector velocity, the number of independent components of the force reduces to 3, while the electromagnetic force can merely provide …
We analyse the propagation of electromagnetic waves in magnetoelectric media. Recently, Feigel has predicted that such a medium may ``extract momentum from vacuum" in the sense that the total momentum of the virtual waves (vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field) is nontrivial. Our aim is to check the feasibility of this effect. The crucial point in our study is an assumption of the finite size of the magnetoelectric sample, which allows us to reduce the calculation of the momenta and forces of the electromagnetic waves acting on the sample to the vacuum region outside of the medium. …
