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相对论喷流中动力学结构的形成:FRI情况

Formation of dynamical structures in relativistic jets: the FRI case

P. Rossi, A. Mignone, G. Bodo, S. Massaglia, A. Ferrari

摘要:

强有力的观测证据表明,所有与活动星系核有关的河外喷流都以相对论速度移动,距离核的尺度可达100 pc - 1 kpc。在更大的距离,反映了Fanaroff-莱利射电源分类,我们观察到一个突然减速的FR-I喷流,而相对论运动坚持到Mpc尺度在FR-II。此外,对B21144 +35、Mrk 501和M87等天体的VLBI观测表明,喷流射电辐射在秒差距尺度上有临边增亮现象。这种效果被解释为由于在高洛伦兹因子和弱相对论外层的存在下,一个deboosted中央脊柱的运动学。在本文中,我们调查这些影响是否可以解释由外部介质夹带有利于剪切不稳定性,即开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性的准直流的中断。我们详细研究的物理条件下,产生显着减速的相对论流。我们调查的现象,通过高分辨率的三维相对论流体动力学模拟使用PLUTO计算天体物理代码。我们发现,在确定的不稳定性演变和卷吸性能的参数是最重要的环境/射流密度对比。我们发现,较轻的射流遭受更强的减速在外层比在中心部分,并保存在高洛伦兹因子的中央脊柱。我们的模型进行了验证,从数值模拟比较合理,以及与VLBI观测的FR-I源的内部部分的合成发射图。

英文摘要:

Strong observational evidence indicates that all extragalactic jets associated with AGNs move at relativistic speed up to 100 pc - 1 kpc scales from the nucleus. At larger distances, reflecting the Fanaroff-Riley radio source classification, we observe an abrupt deceleration in FR-I jets while relativistic motions persist up to Mpc scale in FR-II. Moreover, VLBI observations of some object like B2 1144+35, Mrk501 and M87 show limb brightening of the jet radio emission at the parsec scale. This effect is interpreted kinematically as due to the presence of a deboosted central spine at high Lorentz factor and of a weakly relativistic external layer. In this paper we investigate whether these effects can be interpreted by a breaking of the collimated flow by external medium entrainment favored by shear instabilities, namely Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. We examine in details the physical conditions under which significant deceleration of a relativistic flow is produced. We investigate the phenomenon by means of high-resolution three-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic simulations using the PLUTO code for computational astrophysics. We find that the parameter of utmost importance in determining the instability evolution and the entrainment properties is the ambient/jet density contrast. We show that lighter jets suffer stronger slowing down in the external layer than in the central part and conserve a central spine at high Lorentz factor. Our model is verified by constructing synthetic emission maps from the numerical simulations that compare reasonably well with VLBI observations of the inner part of FR-I sources.

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