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AGN尘土飞扬的托里:II。丛结的观察意义

AGN Dusty Tori: II. Observational Implications of Clumpiness

Maia Nenkova, Matthew M. Sirocky, Robert Nikutta, Zeljko Ivezic, Moshe Elitzur

摘要:

从广泛的辐射传输计算中,我们发现用\No \about 5 - 15尘埃云沿径向赤道线的cluttertorus模型成功地解释了活动星系核的红外观测。这些尘埃具有标准的银河系成分,肉眼可见的单个云光学厚度\tV \about为30 - 100。这些模型自然地解释了观测到的10 \mic硅酸盐特征的行为,特别是在任何类型的活动星系核中缺乏深吸收特征。如果在这些源中\No下降到\about 2或\tV超过\about 100,则可以再现在2型类星体中暂时探测到的弱10 \mic发射特征。云的角分布必须具有软边,例如,高斯分布,径向分布应随$1/r$或$1/r^2$减小。紧凑的环面可以解释所有的观测,与最近的干涉测量证据相一致,即环面的外半径与内半径之比可能小到\about 5 - 10。星团模型可以产生几乎各向同性的红外辐射以及高度各向异性的遮蔽,如观测所需。在统一方案的严格变体中,视角唯一地决定了活动星系核的分类为1型或2型,与此相反,块状意味着它只是一种概率效应;即使从接近赤道面的方向,源也可以显示1型属性。遮蔽源的比例不仅取决于环面的角厚度,而且还取决于云数\No。观测到的这一比例随光度增加而减少的现象可以用环面角厚度或云数的减少来解释,但只有后者才能解释类星体2中可能出现的10 \mic发射特征。

英文摘要:

From extensive radiative transfer calculations we find that clumpy torus models with \No \about 5--15 dusty clouds along radial equatorial rays successfully explain AGN infrared observations. The dust has standard Galactic composition, with individual cloud optical depth \tV \about 30--100 at visual. The models naturally explain the observed behavior of the 10\mic silicate feature, in particular the lack of deep absorption features in AGN of any type. The weak 10\mic emission feature tentatively detected in type 2 QSO can be reproduced if in these sources \No drops to \about 2 or \tV exceeds \about 100. The clouds angular distribution must have a soft-edge, e.g., Gaussian profile, the radial distribution should decrease as $1/r$ or $1/r^2$. Compact tori can explain all observations, in agreement with the recent interferometric evidence that the ratio of the torus outer to inner radius is perhaps as small as \about 5--10. Clumpy torus models can produce nearly isotropic IR emission together with highly anisotropic obscuration, as required by observations. In contrast with strict variants of unification schemes where the viewing-angle uniquely determines the classification of an AGN into type 1 or 2, clumpiness implies that it is only a probabilistic effect; a source can display type 1 properties even from directions close to the equatorial plane. The fraction of obscured sources depends not only on the torus angular thickness but also on the cloud number \No. The observed decrease of this fraction at increasing luminosity can be explained with a decrease of either torus angular thickness or cloud number, but only the latter option explains also the possible emergence of a 10\mic emission feature in QSO2.

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