Sandip Pakvasa
It is shown how high energy neutrino beams from very distant sources can be utilized to learn about many properties of neutrinos such as lifetimes, mass hierarchy, mixing, minuscule pseudo-Dirac mass splittings; in addition, the production mechanism of neutrinos in astrophysical sources can also be elucidated.
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We discuss flavor-mixing probabilities and flavor ratios of high energy astrophysical neutrinos. In the first part of this paper, we expand the neutrino flavor-fluxes in terms of the small parameters U_{e3} and pi/4 - theta_{23}, and show that there are universal first and second order corrections. The second order term can exceed the first order term, and so should be included in any analytic study. We also investigate the probabilities and ratios after a further expansion around the tribimaximal value of sin^2 theta_{12} = 1/3. In the second part of the paper, we discuss implications of devi…
The pp interactions taking place in the cosmos around us are a source of the astrophysical neutrinos of all the three flavors. In these interactions, the electron and the muon neutrinos mainly come from the production and the decay of the π^{\pm} mesons, whereas the tau neutrinos mainly come from the production and the decay of the D^{\pm}_{S} mesons. We estimate the three intrinsic neutrino flavor ratios for 1 GeV < E < 10^{12} GeV in the pp interactions and found them to be 1 : 2 : 3\times 10^{-5}. We study the effects of neutrino oscillations on these intrinsic ratios. We point out that the…
We have detected astrophysical neutrinos in IceCube that can be used to probe astrophysical sources at ultra high scales. Here we report a search for anomalous space time effects using astrophysical neutrino flavor data in IceCube. New effective operators are introduced to drive non-standard neutrino flavor mixing which modify the flavor ratios compared to standard cases. Using the High Energy Starting Events sample (HESE) 7.5-year data for this analysis, we found no evidence of such flavor anomalies. However, we are expecting to set limits from this new approach which goes far beyond any know…
We discuss the prospects for next generation neutrino telescopes, such as IceCube, to measure the flavor ratios of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. The expected flavor ratios at the sources are $ϕ_{ν_e}:ϕ_{ν_μ}:ϕ_{ν_τ} = 1:2:0$, and neutrino oscillations quickly transform these to $1:1:1$. The flavor ratios can be deduced from the relative rates of showers ($ν_e$ charged-current, most $ν_τ$ charged-current, and all flavors neutral-current), muon tracks ($ν_μ$ charged-current only), and tau lepton lollipops and double-bangs ($ν_τ$ charged-current only). The peak sensitivities for these inte…
We argue that an effective flavor discrimination in neutrino telescopes is the key to probe the flavor ratios of astrophysical neutrinos at the source and flavor transition mechanisms of these neutrinos during their propagations from the source to the Earth. We first discuss how well one can reconstruct the flavor ratios of astrophysical neutrinos at the source. We then discuss how to probe flavor transition mechanisms of propagating astrophysical neutrinos. In this regard, we propose a model independent parametrization for neutrino flavor transitions, with the neutrino oscillation as a specia…
The flavor composition of astrophysical neutrinos observed at neutrino telescopes is related to the initial composition at their sources via oscillation-averaged flavor transitions. If the time evolution of the neutrino flavor states is unitary, the probability of neutrinos changing flavor is solely determined by the unitary mixing matrix that relates the neutrino flavor and propagation eigenstates. In this paper we derive general bounds on the flavor composition of TeV-PeV astrophysical neutrinos based on unitarity constraints. These bounds are useful for studying the flavor composition of hi…
Astrophysical neutrinos are powerful tools to study fundamental properties of particle physics. We perform a general new physics study on ultra high energy neutrino flavor content by introducing effective operators. We find that at the current limits on these operators, new physics terms cause maximal effects on the flavor content, however, the flavor content at Earth is confined to a region related to the initial flavor content.
The high-energy astrophysical neutrinos recently discovered by IceCube opened a new way to test Lorentz and CPT violation through the astrophysical neutrino mixing properties. The flavor ratio of astrophysical neutrinos is a very powerful tool to investigate tiny effects caused by Lorentz and CPT violation. There are 3 main findings; (1) current limits on Lorentz and CPT violation in neutrino sector are not tight and they allow for any flavor ratios, (2) however, the observable flavor ratio on the Earth is tied with the flavor ratio at production, this means we can test both the presence of ne…
We study Lorentz violation effects on flavor transitions of high energy astrophysical neutrinos. It is shown that the appearance of Lorentz violating Hamiltonian can drastically change the flavor transition probabilities of astrophysical neutrinos. Predictions of Lorentz violation effects on flavor compositions of astrophysical neutrinos arriving on Earth are compared with IceCube flavor composition measurement which analyzes astrophysical neutrino events in the energy range between $25~{\rm TeV}$ and $2.8~{\rm PeV}$. Such a comparison indicates that the future IceCube-Gen2 will be able to pla…
One of the important goals for future neutrino telescopes is to identify the flavors of astrophysical neutrinos and therefore determine the flavor ratio. The flavor ratio of astrophysical neutrinos observed on the Earth depends on both the initial flavor ratio at the source and flavor transitions taking place during propagations of these neutrinos. We propose a model independent parametrization for describing the above flavor transitions. A few flavor transition models are employed to test our parametrization. The observational test for flavor transition mechanisms through our parametrization …
The recent IceCube observation of ultra-high-energy astrophysical neutrinos has begun the era of neutrino astronomy. In this work, using the unitarity of leptonic mixing matrix, we derive nontrivial unitarity constraints on the flavor composition of astrophysical neutrinos detected by IceCube. Applying leptonic unitarity triangles, we deduce these unitarity bounds from geometrical conditions, such as triangular inequalities. These new bounds generally hold for three flavor neutrinos, and are independent of any experimental input or the pattern of leptonic mixing. We apply our unitarity bounds …
In this paper, we study the effect of active-neutrino-sterile-neutrino mixing in the expected high-energy astrophysical neutrino flavor content. Non-unitarity in the measurement of the three active neutrinos can be due to the existence of sterile neutrino states. We introduce the concept of the four-flavor tetrahedron in order to visualize the lack of unitarity in the astrophysical neutrino three-flavor triangle. We demonstrate that active-sterile neutrino mixings modify the allowed region of the astrophysical flavor ratio from the standard case. However, a projection of the four-flavor tetrah…
Electromagnetic (and adiabatic) energy losses of pions and muons modify the flavor ratio (measured at Earth) of neutrinos produced by pion decay in astrophysical sources, $Φ_{ν_e}:Φ_{ν_μ}:Φ_{ν_τ}$, from 1:1:1 at low energy to 1:1.8:1.8 at high energy. The transition occurs over 1-2 decades of nuetrino energy, and is correlated with a modification of the neutrino spectrum. For gamma-ray bursts, e.g., the transition is expected at \~100 TeV, and may be detected by km-scale neutrino telescopes. Measurements of the transition energy and energy-width will provide unique probes of the physics of the…
Constraints on flavor-dependent long-range interactions of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos
本研究利用IceCube及IceCube-Gen2的味组成测量数据，探讨了高能天体物理中微子与物质的味依赖长程相互作用，并评估了这些实验对此类新物理的探测灵敏度。
Observation of ultra-high energy astrophysical neutrinos and identification of their flavors have been proposed for future neutrino telescopes. The flavor ratio of astrophysical neutrinos observed on the Earth depends on both the initial flavor ratio at the source and flavor transitions taking place during propagations of these neutrinos. The flavor transition mechanisms are well-classified with our model-independent parametrization. We find a new parameter R=ϕ_e/(ϕ_μ + ϕ_τ) can probe directly the flavor transition in the framework of our model-independent parametrization, without the assumpti…
Astrophysical neutrinos are powerful tools to investigate the fundamental properties of particle physics through their flavor content. In this paper, we perform the first general new physics study on ultra high energy neutrino flavor content by introducing effective operators. We find that at the current limits on these operators, new physics terms cause maximal effects on the flavor content, however, the flavor content at Earth is confined to a region related to the assumed initial flavor content. Furthermore, we conclude that a precise measure of the flavor content at Earth will provide orde…
Flavor Matters, but Matter Flavors: Matter Effects on Flavor Composition of Astrophysical Neutrinos
本文研究严重遮蔽活动星系核核心产生的高能天体物理中微子所受的物质效应，分析其对源端中微子味比值测量解读的影响，指出该效应可作为探测康普顿厚活动星系核的有力探针。
Visible inelasticity as a probe of tau flavor content of astrophysical neutrinos
通过中微子望远镜中起始径迹事件的可见非弹性测量τ中微子比例，提供了一种互补方法，可实现对τ/μ通量比R_{τμ}的竞争性灵敏度，并有助于单个源的味道测量和τ增强源目录的选择。
We revisit the flavor composition of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos observed at neutrino telescopes. Assuming unitary time evolution of the neutrino flavor states, the flavor composition observable at Earth is related to the initial composition at their sources via oscillation-averaged flavor transitions. In a previous study we derived general bounds on the flavor composition of TeV-PeV astrophysical neutrinos assuming three-flavor unitary mixing. We extend these bounds to the case of active-sterile neutrino mixing. Our bounds are analytical, derived based only on the unitarity of the mix…
We present the reconstruction of neutrino flavor ratios at astrophysical sources. For distinguishing the pion source and the muon-damped source to the 3$σ$ level, the neutrino flux ratios, $R\equivϕ(ν_μ)/(ϕ(ν_e)+ϕ(ν_τ))$ and $S\equivϕ(ν_e)/ϕ(ν_τ)$, need to be measured in accuracies better than 10%.
Astrophysical high-energy neutrinos observed by IceCube are sensitive to small effects in a vacuum such as those motivated from quantum gravity theories. Here, we discuss the potential sensitivity of Lorentz violation from the diffuse astrophysical neutrino data in IceCube. The estimated sensitivity reaches the Planck scale physics motivated region, providing IceCube with real discovery potential of Lorentz violation.
The flavor composition of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can reveal the physics governing their production, propagation, and interaction. The IceCube Collaboration has published the first experimental determination of the ratio of the flux in each flavor to the total. We present, as a theoretical counterpart, new results for the allowed ranges of flavor ratios at Earth for arbitrary flavor ratios in the sources. Our results will allow IceCube to more quickly identify when their data imply standard physics, a general class of new physics with arbitrary (incoherent) combinations of mass eig…
Flavor Anisotropy in the High-Energy Astrophysical Neutrino Sky
本研究首次结合高能天体物理中微子的入射方向与味道组成开展研究，利用7.5年IceCube数据测量方向相关味道组成，约束味道多极矩并改进洛伦兹不变性破缺的相关约束，为中微子源研究与新物理检验提供新途径。
In a core collapse supernova, collective oscillations of neutrinos emitted by the proto-neutron star significantly modifies the partition of energy between different flavors in a way which is potentially important for the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements at the outer layers. As the outcome of collective oscillations depends nonlinearly on the chosen initial conditions proto-neutron star, their systematical study across the proto-neutron star model space may provide answers to some key questions.
The flavor composition of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos is a rich observable. However, present analyses cannot effectively distinguish particle showers induced by $ν_e$ versus $ν_τ$. We show that this can be accomplished by measuring the intensities of the delayed, collective light emission from muon decays and neutron captures, which are, on average, greater for $ν_τ$ than for $ν_e$. This new technique would significantly improve tests of the nature of astrophysical sources and of neutrino properties. We discuss the promising prospects for implementing it in IceCube and other detectors.
Astrophysical searches for new long-range interactions complement collider searches for new short-range interactions. Conveniently, neutrino flavor oscillations are keenly sensitive to the existence of long-ranged flavored interactions between neutrinos and electrons, motivated by lepton-number symmetries of the Standard Model. For the first time, we probe them using TeV-PeV astrophysical neutrinos and accounting for all large electron repositories in the local and distant Universe. The high energies and colossal number of electrons grant us unprecedented sensitivity to the new interaction, ev…
Motivated by the discovery of the first high-energy astrophysical neutrino source, the blazar TXS 0506+056, we revisit the IceCube flavor ratio analysis. Assuming large statistics from identified blazars, collected in the forthcoming years by the IceCube detector and its successor IceCube-Gen2, we demonstrate that the constraints on several new physics scenarios in which the baseline dependent terms in neutrino oscillation probabilities are not averaged, can be improved. As a representative case, we consider pseudo-Dirac neutrinos while neutrino decay is also discussed.
Can we observe the solar eclipses in the neutrino light? In principle, this is possible by identifying the lunar matter effects on the flavor conversions of solar neutrinos when they traverse the Moon before reaching the detectors at the Earth. Unfortunately, we show that the lunar matter effects on the survival probability of solar $^8{\rm B}$ neutrinos are suppressed by an additional factor of $1.2\%$, compared to the day-night asymmetry. However, we point out that the matter effects on the flavor conversions of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, when they propagate through the Sun, can be…
We study the modification of the detected flavor content of ultra high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in the presence of non-standard interactions of neutrinos with the Earth matter. Unlike the case of new physics affecting the propagation from the source to the Earth, non-standard Earth matter effects induce a dependence of the flavor content on the arrival direction of the neutrino. We find that, within the current limits on non-standard neutrino interaction parameters, large deviations from the standard 3-nu oscillation predictions can be expected, in particular for fluxes dominated by one …
Astrophysical objects such as active-galactic nuclei (AGN) and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) can be sources of high energy, astrophysical neutrinos. The decay of charged pions produces electron and muon-flavor neutrinos from the primary decay of the pion, and from the secondary decay of the resulting charged lepton. At low energies we expect the flavor ratio $Φ_{ν_e}:Φ_{ν_μ}:Φ_{ν_τ}$ to be $1:2:0$ at the source. We are interested in the flavor ratios as measured on Earth after the neutrinos propagate over cosmic distance scales from the source. If we only consider vacuum flavor transition probabilit…
We fit the energy distribution of the IceCube starting events by a model which involves four parameters in the neutrino spectrum, namely three normalizations $n_e,n_μ,n_τ$ and a common power-law index $γ$, with a fixed background simulated by IceCube. It is found that the best fit index is $γ= 2.7$ with $χ^2_{\rm min} = 32.3/24\,{\rm dof}$. As for the two parameter model involving a democratic normalization and an index, the best fit is at $γ= 2.8$ with $χ^2_{\rm min} = 33.9/26\,{\rm dof}$. The flavored model and the democratic model do not have much difference in the quality of the (energy-sp…
Neutrino Flavor Evolution in High Flux Astrophysical Environments
研究高通量天体物理环境中中微子味演化，考虑中微子-中微子和中微子-反中微子相互作用，揭示快速平衡对能量沉积和核合成的影响。
In the early Universe, as well as in supernovae and merging neutron stars, neutrinos have such high densities that they affect each other and exhibit collective flavor oscillations. A crucial ingredient for fast collective flavor oscillations is that the electron lepton number (ELN) distribution changes its sign as a function of direction, i.e., has a zero crossing. We present a study in two dimensions and show how fast flavor oscillations depend on the ELN and its crossings. We show that a large number of crossings can inhibit flavor oscillations. This may be a natural self-limiting mechanism…
Despite being a well understood phenomenon in the context of current terrestrial experiments, neutrino flavor conversions in dense astrophysical environments probably represent one of the most challenging open problems in neutrino physics. Apart from being theoretically interesting, such a problem has several phenomenological implications in cosmology and in astrophysics, including the primordial nucleosynthesis of light elements abundance and other cosmological observables, nucleosynthesis of heavy nuclei and the explosion of massive stars. In this review, we briefly summarize the state of th…
We systematically study the allowed parameter space for the flavor composition of astrophysical neutrinos measured at Earth, including beyond the Standard Model theories at production, during propagation, and at detection. One motivation is to illustrate the discrimination power of the next-generation neutrino telescopes such as IceCube-Gen2. We identify several examples that lead to potential deviations from the standard neutrino mixing expectation such as significant sterile neutrino production at the source, effective operators modifying the neutrino propagation at high energies, dark matte…
Identifying Energy-Dependent Flavor Transitions in High-Energy Astrophysical Neutrino Measurements
本研究首次测量高能天体物理中微子味组成的能量依赖性，基于IceCube 7.5年HESE样本未发现味转换证据，并预测下一代中微子望远镜可在2030年前识别200TeV处的味转换，2040年可精确推断中微子产生的味组成。
Ultra-light Dark Matter Limits from Astrophysical Neutrino Flavor
本文利用IceCube对洛伦兹破缺场的限制，约束中微子与超轻暗物质的耦合，获得的限制比现有及未来地面中微子实验严格一个数量级，并指出未来探测灵敏度有望进一步提升。
Measuring neutrino mixing above 1 TeV with astrophysical neutrinos
利用TeV-PeV天体物理中微子的风味组成，首次探索1 TeV以上中微子混合参数的测量潜力，并量化了超出标准模型的效应检测能力。
Potential divergence in tracing $μ$ and $τ$ flavors of astrophysical neutrinos
本文推导了高能中微子三种味分数的通用公式，并指出μ-τ对称性在lepton味混合矩阵U中导致η_μ和η_τ的潜在发散。
We discuss the reconstruction of neutrino flavor ratios at astrophysical sources through the future neutrino-telescope measurements. Taking the ranges of neutrino mixing parameters $θ_{ij}$ as those given by the current global fit, we demonstrate by a statistical method that the accuracies in the measurements of energy-independent ratios $R\equivϕ(ν_μ)/(ϕ(ν_{e})+ϕ(ν_τ))$ and $S\equivϕ(ν_e)/ϕ(ν_τ)$ among integrated neutrino flux should both be better than 10% in order to distinguish between the pion source and the muon-damped source at the $3 σ$ level. The 10% accuracy needed for measuring $R$ …
We critically examine the ability of future neutrino telescopes, including Baikal-GVD, KM3NeT, P-ONE, TAMBO, and IceCube-Gen2, to determine the flavor composition of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, ie, the relative number of $ν_e$, $ν_μ$, and $ν_τ$, in light of improving measurements of the neutrino mixing parameters. Starting in 2020, we show how measurements by JUNO, DUNE, and Hyper-Kamiokande will affect our ability to determine the regions of flavor composition at Earth that are allowed by neutrino oscillations under different assumptions of the flavor composition that is emitted by t…
We study the evolution and oscillations of fixed massive neutrinos interacting with stochastic gravitational waves (GWs). The energy spectrum of these GWs is Gaussian, with the correlator of the amplitudes being arbitrary. We derive the equation for the density matrix for flavor neutrinos in this case. In the two flavors approximation, this equation can be solved analytically. We find the numerical solution for the density matrix in the general case of three neutrino flavors. We consider merging binary black holes as sources of stochastic GWs with realistic spectra. Both normal and inverted ma…
We study the propagation of neutrinos from compact astrophysical objects with strong magnetic field, such as magnetars. Both neutrino spin rotation and oscillations in a realistic three-flavor model are taken into account. We solve the neutrino evolution equation in the magnetic field near the object and obtain the probabilities of all possible spin-flavor transitions. Assuming that neutrinos are produced in the interior of the star being in their left-handed state with electron flavor, we use these spin-flavor transition probabilities to estimate the fraction of neutrinos, which change their …
Flavor ratios of very high energy astrophysical neutrinos, which can be studied at the Earth by a neutrino telescope such as IceCube, can serve to diagnose their production mechanism at the astrophysical source. The flavor ratios for neutrinos and antineutrinos can be quite different as we do not know how they are produced in the astrophysical environment. Due to this uncertainty the neutrino and antineutrino flavor ratios at the Earth also could be quite different. Nonetheless, it is generally assumed that flavor ratios for neutrinos and antineutrinos are the same at the Earth, in fitting the…
Matter effects on flavor transitions of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos based on typical propagation schemes
本文研究物质效应对高能天体物理中微子味道转变的影响，发现绝热传播方案下物质效应显著，而恒定密度方案下可忽略，为下一代中微子望远镜观测提供约束。
Parameter degeneracy and information loss in inverse flavor mapping for high-energy astrophysical neutrinos
本文研究高能天体物理中微子逆味映射中的参数简并性与信息丢失，探讨行列式为零时的约束，并利用IceCube数据评估源味分布的可映射性。
We discuss the importance of flavor ratio measurements in neutrino telescopes, such as by measuring the ratio between muon tracks to cascades, for the purpose of extracting new physics signals encountered by astrophysical neutrinos during propagation from the source to the detector. The detected flavor ratios not only carry the energy information of specific new physics scenarios which alter the transition probabilities in distinctive ways, but also the energy dependent flavor composition at the source. In the present work, we discuss the interplay of these two energy dependent effects and ide…
In this work we present an updated study of the flavor composition suggested by astrophysical neutrinos observed by IceCube. The main novelties compared to previous studies are the following: 1) we use the most recent measurements, namely 8 years of throughgoing muons and 7.5 years of High Energy Starting Events (HESE); 2) we consider a broken power law spectrum, in order to be consistent with the observations between 30 TeV and few PeV; 3) we use the throughgoing muon flux to predict the number of astrophysical HESE tracks. We show that accounting for the three previous elements, the result f…
Fast neutrino-flavor swap in high-energy astrophysical environments
本研究对比核心坍缩超新星与双中子星并合环境的快中微子味转换非线性特征差异，基于对撞中微子束模型解释快味交换的物理机制，揭示了快中微子味转换非线性动力学的多样性。
Constraining the pseudo-Dirac nature of neutrinos using astrophysical neutrino flavor data
利用天体物理中微子味比区分赝狄拉克中微子质谱，未来IceCube-Gen2可对第三质量本征态新质量劈裂施加稳健约束，灵敏度达10^-12 eV^2量级，已知源时可提升至10^-17 eV^2。
New Physics with PeV Astrophysical Neutrino Beams
本论文利用PeV天体物理中微子的超高能与超长基线优势，研究在高能宇宙中寻找BSM新物理的挑战，重点关注中微子味测量及其与暗物质的联系。
Neutrino decay modifies neutrino propagation in a unique way; not only is there flavor changing as there is in neutrino oscillations, there is also energy transport from initial to final neutrinos. The most sensitive direct probe of neutrino decay is currently IceCube which can measure the energy and flavor of neutrinos traveling over extragalactic distances. For the first time we calculate the flavor transition probability for the cases of visible and invisible neutrino decay, including the effects of the expansion of the universe, and consider the implications for IceCube. As an example, we …
The flavor composition of astrophysical neutrinos observed in neutrino telescopes is a powerful discriminator between different astrophysical neutrino production mechanisms and can also teach us about the particle physics properties of neutrinos. In this paper, we investigate how the possible existence of light sterile neutrinos can affect these flavor ratios. We consider two scenarios: (i) neutrino production in conventional astrophysical sources, followed by partial oscillation into sterile states; (ii) neutrinos from dark matter decay with a primary flavor composition enhanced in tau neutri…
Are neutrinos Majorana? Fixed-target and high-energy astrophysical searches decide
提出通过重中性轻子（HNL）在高能下改变活性中微子味混合比例来区分马约拉纳与狄拉克中微子，SHiP实验和下一代中微子望远镜可联合验证。
Probing lepton flavor violating dark matter scenarios via astrophysical photons and positrons
本文通过天体物理光子和正电子数据，首次对轻子风味违反暗物质模型的约束提供了严格限制。
We discuss the interplay of neutrino oscillation and decay properties at neutrino telescopes. Motivated by recent unparticle scenarios, which open the possibility of new neutrino decay modes over astrophysical distances, we perform a complete classification of possible decay schemes, and we illustrate how different scenarios can be identified. Moreover, we show that the sensitivity of neutrino telescopes to standard neutrino properties, such as the mass hierarchy or delta_CP, is greatly enhanced in specific decay scenarios. In particular we discuss the impact of an astrophysical neutrino detec…
We calculate the atmospheric neutrino fluxes in the energy range $100$ GeV -- $10$ PeV with the use of several known hadronic models and a few parametrizations of the cosmic ray spectra which take into account the knee. The calculations are compared with the atmospheric neutrino measurements by Frejus, AMANDA, IceCube and ANTARES. An analytic description is presented for the conventional ($ν_μ+\barν_μ$) and ($ν_e+\barν_e$) energy spectra, averaged over zenith angles, which can be used to obtain test data of the neutrino event reconstruction in neutrino telescopes. The sum of the calculated atm…
Distinguishing Dirac and Majorana Neutrinos: Resonant Spin-Flavor Precession of GeV-Scale Astrophysical Transients
通过CEνNS相干散射探测中微子本质，利用超新星爆发中的RSFP效应区分狄拉克与马约拉纳中微子，并探测到极低磁矩。
Spread Complexity of High Energy Neutrino Propagation over Astrophysical Distances
本文将量子态扩散复杂度应用于高能天体物理中微子传播，提出基于复杂度的新味比，发现其可能支持 $1:0:0$ 初始通量比，并能捕捉传统味比无法反映的质量排序敏感性。
Probing Scalar Non-Standard Neutrino Interactions using High-Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos
通过高能天体物理中微子的味组成和能谱分析，研究标量非标准相互作用（SNSI）对中微子振荡的影响，并结合IceCube数据给出SNSI参数的新限制。
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